壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚对成年雄性斑马鱼HPG轴相关基因表达的影响

本研究以模式动物斑马鱼（Danio rerio）为受试生物,采用半静态水体暴露的方式研究了不同浓度壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（NPEO）对斑马鱼雄性成鱼下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴（HPG轴）的影响.结果显示,考察浓度范围内的NPEO暴露可以显著上调斑马鱼脑中GnRH2、GnRHR1、GnRHR2、GnRHR4、FSHβ和LHβ基因,以及性腺中LHR基因的相对表达量.GnRHR和LHR基因表达量对较低浓度NPEO暴露较为敏感,其中GnRHR4和LHR基因表达量在低至0.001mg/L的NPEO暴露下即出现显著上调.0.1和10mg/L NPEO暴露可以显著抑制斑马鱼精巢中CYP17基因的表达量,而10mg/L NPEO暴露则可以显著诱导CYP19a基因的表达量.GnRH相关调控基因表达量的上调,表明NPEO暴露可以诱导下丘脑分泌GnRH,进而刺激垂体分泌GtH.NPEO暴露诱导CYP19a基因的表达,促进了内源雌激素的合成.同时,NPEO通过抑制CYP17表达,可能抑制睾酮（T）的合成,干扰斑马鱼精巢中原有的性激素平衡.斑马鱼精巢内雌激素水平升高负反馈给垂体,刺激垂体分泌促性腺激素.由此表明,考察浓度范围内（0.001~10mg/L）的NPEO的暴露可以影响雄性斑马鱼成鱼HPG轴的反馈调节.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在碱性印染废水中的降解

通过静态和动态连续降解实验,揭示了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEO,Nonylphenol ethoxylates,浓度6.25~12.5 mg·L-1)在碱性牛仔布印染废水中的去除规律.批式活性污泥实验表明,厌氧环境下,随着p H值的增加,壬基酚(NP,Nonylphenol)产生受到抑制,短链NPEO(环氧乙烯加成数1~3,NP(1~3)EO)总浓度水平虽然只有500~900μg·L-1,却呈现增加趋势;好氧环境下,尽管NPEO总量降解率超过85%,但产生的各种短链NP(1~3)EO和短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚酸酯(NPEC,Nonylphenol polyethoxycarboxylate)浓度区间为10~110μg·L-1,碱性环境下两类物质总量最低,不足100μg·L-1.耦合厌氧水解和好氧曝气的连续实验表明,增设填料的厌氧折板水解池出水中短链NP(1~3)EO的总浓度增至4000~5000μg·L-1,这与厌氧环境下一部分NPEO附着在废水杂质和厌氧污泥上,在污泥龄较长的附着型污泥作用下,生成了大量的NP(1~3)EO有关;好氧段出水中NP(1~3)EO浓度降至230~610μg·L-1,短链NPEC(NP(1~3)EC)总量上升到800~1000μg·L-1,NP(1~3)EC由NP(1~3)EO转化来的可能最大.印染出水中NP及NP(1~3)EO受厌氧段出水中NP及NP(1~3)EO浓度影响明显.     

Spatial-temporal distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of nonylphenol and octylphenol in riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta, China

The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta in Southern China are subjected to contamination with various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this paper, the occurrence, seasonal variation and spatial distribution of alkylphenol octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in fiver surface water and sediments in the runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta were investigated. NP and OP were detected in all water and sediment samples and their mean concentrations in surface water during the dry season ranged from 810 to 3366 ng/L and 85.5 to 581 ng/L, respectively, and those in sediments ranged from 14.2 to 95.2 ng/g dw and 0.4 to 3.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In surface water, much higher concentrations were detected in the dry season than those in the wet season. In sediments, the concentrations in the dry season were also mostly higher. High concentrations of NP and OP were found in Humen outlet, likely due to high levels of domestic and industrial wastewater discharges. An ecological risk assessment with the use of hazard quotient （HQ） was also carried out and the HQvalues ranged from 3.6 × 10^-5 to 35 and 64% of samples gave a HQ 〉 1, indicating that the current levels of NP and OP pose a significant risk to the relevant aquatic organisms in the region.     

北京市再生水与地表水中的内分泌干扰物分析

文章以北京己投入运行的再生水厂及北京地区典型地表水为研究对象,利用液相色谱-质谱分析相结合的方法对环境内分泌干扰物壬基酚、双酚A和雌醇类物质进行调查,结果显示,再生水中所含内分泌干扰物与地表水没有明显差异。壬基酚在再生水和地表水中都有检出,其浓度在30~300 ng/L之间,而双酚A除方庄和吴家村再生水厂外,其余各水样均有检出,其浓度在0~30 ng/L之间。各水样中均有雌醇类物质检出,但含量极低。再生水处理工艺对内分泌干扰物浓度水平影响很大。     

酚类内分泌干扰物的污染现状及处理研究进展

为了更好的治理水体中pEDCs的污染,针对pEDCs的代表物质双酚A和烷基酚,综述了世界范围内污染源水中pEDCs的污染现状,并介绍了吸附法、膜处理法、生物降解法、化学氧化法及高级氧化法等主要处理方法。同时,展望了今后pEDCs处理的主要研究方向及现存处理方法的应用前景。两种或两种以上方法的联用将是未来研究的一个重要方向。     

Removal of PCDD/Fs and PCBs from sediment by oxygen free pyrolysis

Few studies have dealt on the evaluation of volatilization and decomposition reactions of dioxins from sediment by oxygen free pyrolysis. In this study, the performance of pyrolysis on the removal of dioxins from sediment was investigated. Dioxin concentrations of the raw sediment and the solid residues after pyrolysis were analyzed at different conditions. Results showed a removal efficiency of 99.9999% for total dioxins at 800℃ and retention time of 30 min. All the polychlorinated dibenzo-furans （PCDFs） have been removed and were not formed in the solid residues at the retention time range of 30-90 min at 800℃. Close to 100% removal of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs） was also achieved. Only trace PCDDs were detected in the solid yields at a retention time of 60 min. The highest removal efficiency of polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） was more than 99.9994% at a retention time of 30 min. During cooling period following pyrolysis, however, the concentration of total dioxins in solid residues increased 130 times as compared to that of the raw sediment under air atmosphere. This confirmed that some complex reactions do occur to form PCDD/Fs and PCBs from 800 to 400℃ in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen-free atmosphere therefore can prevent formation of dioxin during thermal process thus generating clean solid residues.     

恶臭假单胞菌降解壬基酚的条件优化及产物分析

从活性污泥中分离得到菌株X-8,经16S rDNA序列测定和分析比较,鉴定该菌株为恶臭假单胞菌.借助正交试验,对该菌株的生长条件和壬基酚(NP)降解条件进行了优化.在实验室利用X-8降解NP的适宜条件为:温度40 ℃,pH值7.0,降解时间26 h,培养基中NP质量浓度14.723 75 ng/霯.在此条件下,降解率可达75.28%.通过GC-MS检测,对菌株X-8的降解产物进行了分析,推测NP的降解产物为辛基酚和戊基酚.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在膜-生物反应器中的归趋

综述了环境内分泌干扰物壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的化学性质、环境释放机制以及其对环境构成的危害,归纳了壬基酚及其短链聚氧乙烯醚（NPnEO）在膜-生物反应器（MBR）中的迁移转化规律,分析了其生物降解性和降解机理,探讨了MBR中活性污泥对其吸附能力和膜的截留能力,讨论了包括厌氧或好氧条件下的温度、水力停留时间、污泥停留时间等因素对于其降解过程的影响。     

回流萃取法提取水中有机物

通过对水中壬基酚及其聚氧乙烯醚等的提取试验，发现回流萃取是提取水中半挥发性有机物的一种很有效的方法。对提取剂进行了选择，表明环己烷效果较好，具有较好的回收率和较好的重现性。为保证高沸点壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚加合物的回收率在95％以上，取90min作为回流萃取时间。最后对回流萃取法的优点作了较详细的阐述。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定生活污水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其降解产物

比较了液-液萃取和固相萃取浓缩富集水体中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPnEO,n为聚合度)及其小分子代谢产物的效率,建立了复杂基体水样中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其小分子代谢产物多成分同时测定的高分辨高灵敏的固相萃取(SPE)-正相高效液相色谱(NP-HPLC)-荧光检测(FL)方法。优化了影响SPE回收率的条件,洗脱溶剂和样品过柱的速度。SPE对NPnEO的回收率大于82%;使用1L水样,方法的检测限对壬基酚(NP)、NP1EO为0.01μgL,NP2EO、NP3EO为0.02μgL,NP4EO～NP12EO为0.05μgL。应用本方法测定了生活污水水样,检测到了NPnEO(n=1～12)及其小分子降解产物NP、NP1EO、NP2EO。