荷电超滤膜对天然有机物去除及膜污染行为的影响

以Aldrich 腐殖酸溶液为水样,研究比较了溶液环境(pH值、离子强度和钙离子)对荷电改性再生纤维素超滤膜和传统中性未改性再生纤维素超滤膜过滤过程的影响.结果表明, ①pH值主要通过质子化作用影响荷电膜以及腐殖酸分子的荷电量,进而影响荷电超滤过程.溶液pH值从7.5下降到3.5时,荷电超滤膜对腐殖酸的截留率从92%减少到79%,超滤4 h时,膜通量下降从26%增加到36%.②离子强度的改变是通过影响腐殖酸分子的物化性质和静电屏蔽作用来影响超滤过程的.当溶液离子强度为0、 3和100 mmol/L时,初始截留率依次降低,分别为92%、 87%和48%,超滤4 h时,荷电超滤膜的通量下降依次增加,分别为26%、 35%和63%.③Ca2+浓度的影响,需要综合考虑静电屏蔽作用、Ca2+的架桥作用以及滤饼层的压实性等各方面的影响.④pH值、离子强度和钙离子对中性超滤膜过滤行为的影响趋势与荷电超滤膜相似,但其影响程度有着较大的差别.研究结果对荷电超滤膜技术在实际应用中选择合适环境条件提供了参考.     

Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution using red loess as an adsorbent

The adsorption behaviors of heavy metals onto novel low-cost adsorbent, red loess, were investigated. Red loess was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The results indicated that red loess mainly consisted of silicate, ferric and aluminum oxides. Solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal concentration, contact time and temperature significantly influenced the efficiency of heavy metals removal. The adsorption reached equilibrium at 4 hr, and the experimental equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir monolayer adsorption model. The adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto red loess was endothermic, while the adsorption of Pb(II) was exothermic. The maximum adsorption capacities of red loess for Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were estimated to be 113.6, 34.2 and 17.5 mg/g, respectively at 25°C and pH 6. The maximum removal efficiencies were 100% for Pb(II) at pH 7, 100% for Cu(II) at pH 8, and 80% for Zn(II) at pH 8. The used adsorbents were readily regenerated using dilute HC1 solution, indicating that red loess has a high reusability. All the above results demonstrated that red loess could be used as a possible alternative low-cost adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution.     

Chemical cleaning of fouled PVC membrane during ultrafiltration of algal-rich water

Cleaning of hollow-fibre polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane with di erent chemical reagents after ultrafiltration of algal-rich water was investigated. Among the tested cleaning reagents (NaOH, HCl, EDTA, and NaClO), 100 mg/L NaClO exhibited the best performance (88.4% 1.1%) in removing the irreversible fouling resistance. This might be attributed to the fact that NaClO could eliminate almost all the major foulants such as carbohydrate-like and protein-like materials on the membrane surface, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. However, negligible irreversible resistance (1.5% 1.0%) was obtained when the membrane was cleaning by 500 mg/L NaOH for 1.0 hr, although the NaOH solution could also desorb a portion of the major foulants from the fouled PVC membrane. Scanning electronic microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses demonstrated that 500 mg/L NaOH could change the structure of the residual foulants on the membrane, making them more tightly attached to the membrane surface. This phenomenon might be responsible for the negligible membrane permeability restoration after NaOH cleaning. On the other hand, the microscopic analyses reflected that NaClO could e ectively remove the foulants accumulated on the membrane surface.     

泥炭腐殖化度的测定方法研究

泥炭腐殖化度能反映沉积物中泥炭的分解程度,常被用作恢复古气候与环境的代用指标。本文对当前泥炭腐殖化度的5种测定方法:化学计算法、碱提取溶液吸光度法、经验公式法、标准曲线计算法和灰度度量法进行了系统分析和比较,重点介绍了碱提取溶液吸光度法,并依据哈尼地区的泥炭数据,对碱提取溶液吸光度法测定泥炭腐殖化度的可行性和可靠性进行了检验。     

天津市夏季蜂窝状溶蚀器涂层溶液浓度确定的实验研究

于2013年7月1日～8月31日,在天津市南开大学理化楼楼顶,采用蜂窝状溶蚀器进行了溶蚀器涂层溶液最适浓度的探究实验.结果表明,在天津夏季,蜂窝状溶蚀器的碳酸钠涂层溶液最适浓度为3%,柠檬酸涂层溶液最适浓度为6%.含有溶蚀器系统的颗粒物采样法与传统采样法对比发现,含蜂窝状溶蚀器的采样系统所得到的PM2.5样品浓度有86%低于传统方法所得到的PM2.5样品浓度,其原因主要为1酸/碱性气体被去除,使其无法与富集在采样膜上的颗粒物发生反应,也无法吸附到颗粒物上;2溶蚀器系统采样过程中,部分颗粒物被捕集到溶蚀器上;3酸/碱性气体被去除,导致气-粒平衡被打破,部分颗粒物组分向气态转化.     

硝铵共浆溶液热安全性研究

为防止硝铵共浆溶液在配制、储存、运输和生产复合肥过程中发生爆炸事故,利用自制实验装置对硝铵共浆溶液的热安全性进行了实验研究.结果表明,硝铵共浆溶液低于纯硝酸铵水溶液的临界爆炸温度,具有很大的危险性；硝酸铵的浓度对硝铵共浆溶液的临界爆炸温度的影响很大,硝酸铵浓度越高,其临界爆炸温度就越低,也越易爆炸；氯离子有促进硝铵共浆溶液爆炸的作用；油脂会降低硝铵共浆溶液的热稳定性,降低其临界爆炸温度.研究结果对相关化肥企业的安全生产有指导意义.     

硫酸亚铁铵溶液不稳定性的探讨

硫酸亚铁铵是分析中常用的还原剂,用于标定 CrO_7~(2-)、MnO_4~-、Ce~(4+)等。在碱性介质中,硫酸亚铁铵不稳定,其酸性溶液浓度变化也比较大,因此,使用硫酸亚铁铵标准溶液前,必须重新标定其滴定度,这不仅增加工作量,而且可能增大分析误差。笔者从长期实践工作中,发现了一种既     

一种电石废水的处理方法

该发明公开了一种电石废水的处理方法。其处理方法：电石废水先进入反应槽，加入硫酸亚铁溶液反应后，用泵吸入水槽，通过管道泵进入管道混合器，在管道混合器中加入絮凝剂进行充分混合后，进入电石废水处理装置，出水进入监护池，在监护池中加入质量分数为5％的稀硫酸调节废水的pH，出水达到国家《污水综合排放标准》的一级排放标准，不达标时，废水排人装有活性炭的装置进行吸附处理，达标后排放。     

含稀醋酸废水中醋酸的回收方法

该发明涉及含稀醋酸废水中醋酸的回收方法，其特点是：先用电渗析法对含稀醋酸废水进行处理，获得质量浓度小于1000mg／L的醋酸极稀溶液，然后用阴离子交换树脂吸附法进一步脱除回收剩余的极稀溶液中的醋酸，使最后排除的废水中醋酸的质量浓度小于50mg／L。该方法将电渗析法与吸附法相结合，既克服了醋酸极稀溶液电导率低、电渗析过程电耗大的缺点，     

2种方法测定溶解性有机碳和总氮含量比较研究

该文采用岛津TOC-VCSH/TN分析仪与连续流动分析仪,分别运用高温催化燃烧法和湿化学氧化法测定已知质量浓度溶液、森林土壤零张力渗漏液、水浸提液和K2SO4浸提液样品中的溶解性有机碳(DOC)与溶解性总氮(DTN)含量。针对已知质量浓度DOC和DTN标准溶液,2种仪器测定结果平均值接近实际值,相对误差3%,相对标准偏差5%,显示基于上述2种方法仪器分析均具有良好的准确度和精密度。在测定不同未知样品中DTN含量时,连续流动分析仪测定结果相当于总有机碳/总氮分析仪测定结果的1.06~1.23倍(R2≥0.98),且随着样品DTN浓度的增高此差异增大;两仪器测定土壤零张力渗漏液和土壤K2SO4浸提液DOC结果较接近,比值(总有机碳/总氮分析仪测定结果比连续流动分析仪测定结果)为0.99~1.04(R2≥0.99),但是在测定土壤水浸提液DOC含量时,连续流动分析仪测定结果仅相当于总有机碳/总氮分析仪的0.79倍(R2≥0.99)。上述结果显示,基于高温催化燃烧法和湿化学氧化法均能有效的分析环境液体样品中DOC和DTN含量,后者更适用于大批样品的快速测定。