城市污水厂初沉池的设置方式及运行效果

跟据初沉池在城市污水厂长期的实际运行数据,分析了初沉池去除污水中的悬浮物、有机物、降低能耗、降低水质波动对生化系统的冲击等方面所起的作用,设置初沉池还有利于提高生化系统污泥的活性成份（MLVSS／MLSS）、增强出水效果;同时探讨了初沉池在城市污水处理中的设置方式,通过设置超越管线,在冬、夏季水质波动较大,保持生化系统进水有机负荷的稳定,提出了优化初沉池的处理效果的运行方式。     

Effect of Earthworm(Pheretima sp.) Density on Revegetation of Lead/zinc Metal Mine Tailings Amended with Soil

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of earthworm density on the availability of nutrients and heavy metals in metal contaminated soils. Pb/Zn mine tailings were mixed throughly with a red yellow podzolic soil at the ratio (w/w) of 75:25. Earthworms (Pheretima sp.) were introduced to the mixture at four different densities, zero, three, six and nine individuals per pot planted with ryegrass (Loliun multiflorum). The results indicated that earthworm activity significantly enhanced ryegrass shoot biomass. However, as denser earthworm population was introduced, shoot biomass tended to decrease. Earthworm activity significantly increased soil pH and availability of N, P and K in the tailings and soil mixture. There was a general tendency that uptake of Zn by ryegrass increased after earthworm inoculation, although the increase in extractable Zn in tailings and soil mixture was not significant. On the contrary, there seemed to be a lower uptake of Pb by ryegrass under earthworm inoclation, despite the fact that higher extractable Pb concentrations were observed. The present project indicated that the improved growth of ryegrass was due to improved nutrient availability and other soil conditions, by inoculation of earthworms at an appropriate rate. Further studies are needed to illustrate the relationship between metal availability and earthworm activity in the field.     

钢铁生产行业二英污染特征变化及其排放因子

对我国某省多家钢铁生产企业烧结工序和电炉工序排放烟气中二英（PCDD/Fs）污染水平、排放特征及其排放因子进行了初步研究.结果表明,烧结工序PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度（以I-TEQ计,下同）为0.003~0.557 ng·m^-3,均值为0.165 ng·m^-3;电炉工序PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度为0.006~0.057 ng·m^-3,均值为0.025 ng·m^-3.PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度水平总体较低,较2005~2019年研究报道结果下降1~2个数量级.2005~2020年,钢铁生产行业排放PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度水平先升高后降低,尤其是新的标准限值实施以及对烟尘等常规污染物进行超低排放控制后,呈现大幅下降.指纹谱图特征显示,所有烟气样品17种PCDD/Fs中最大浓度贡献单体为2,3,7,8-TCDF,与已有研究中以高氯代PCDFs和PCDDs为主不同,且低氯代PCDFs占比有所增加,表明PCDD/Fs生成主要来源有所变化.烧结工序和电炉工序PCDD/Fs同类物指纹分布特征相似,呈现典型的高温热过程特征,两个工序生产过程中PCDD/Fs的生成机制可能均为"从头合成".钢铁生产企业烧结工序PCDD/Fs废气排放因子（以I-TEQ计,下同）为0.003~0.5 μg·t^-1,排放因子平均值为（0.18±0.22）μg·t^-1;电炉工序PCDD/Fs废气排放因子为0.04~0.5 μg·t^-1,排放因子平均值为（0.27±0.23）μg·t^-1;低于UNEP于2013发布的"二英和呋喃排放识别和量化标准工具包"以及2004年我国二英排放清单中的排放因子,建议对我国钢铁生产行业PCDD/Fs排放状况开展调查,更新排放因子.     

南水北调东线山东境内调蓄湖库蓝藻种群分布特征及环境驱动因子

为掌握南水北调东线山东境内调蓄湖库在工程运行前后蓝藻种群的分布情况及其环境驱动因子,于2010～2019年的5～11月对南四湖、东平湖、大屯水库、东湖水库和双王城水库进行藻类和水环境调查.共检出浮游蓝藻44种,其中丝状蓝藻23种.湖泊假鱼腥藻、拉氏拟柱孢藻、铜绿微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻在各调蓄湖库的检出频次和密度均较高,是主要有害蓝藻种.通过分析各调蓄湖库蓝藻种群的分布特征,发现丝状蓝藻在水力扰动较大水体中的生长优势较为明显,应成为日后调蓄湖库蓝藻风险防控的重点.Pearson相关性分析和广义线性拟合曲线结果显示,总氮、总磷、水温和水深是影响调蓄湖库主要有害蓝藻种生长的主要环境驱动因子.氮磷营养盐对于有害蓝藻种的生长具有显著的促进作用.湖泊假鱼腥藻具有良好的温度适应性,在夏初秋末仍能成为优势种,而当水温大于25℃时,拉氏拟柱孢藻、铜绿微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具明显的生长优势.此外,较小的水深更利于拉氏拟柱孢藻的生长.建议在加强控制湖库氮磷营养盐输入的基础上,在夏初和秋末对湖泊假鱼腥藻进行重点监控,并在高温时期密切关注浅水区拉氏拟柱孢藻的生长情况,保障水质安全.     

西南典型“退耕还林”区土地利用/覆被变化对土壤中硒及重金属含量的影响

人类活动（土地利用）和环境变化（土地覆被变化）对土壤中硒和重金属含量分布具有重要影响.“退耕还林”生态工程的实施改变了土地利用/覆被,为研究土地利用/覆被变化对土壤中硒和重金属影响提供了理想的实验场所.在西南典型“退耕还林”区,采集了旱地、水田和林地（天然林地和次生林地）的91件表层土壤样品.测定和分析了土壤中硒、重金属、 pH和有机质等参数.结果表明：（1）研究区表土中ω（Se）(0.42×10^-6)、ω（As）(13.0×10^-6)和ω（Sb）(1.03×10^-6)均值显著高于渝西地区的土壤背景值;（2）人工次生林地表土中Se、 Cd、 Cr、 Ni、 Pb和Zn含量都显著高于旱地,表明“退耕还林”工程的实施可能会显著影响表土中硒和重金属富集;（3）土壤有机质（SOM）含量水平是控制表土中硒和重金属含量差异的重要因子.结果发现土地利用/覆被变化通过影响土壤pH和SOM间接深刻地影响土壤中硒和重金属迁移和富集.     

Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀在短程硝化中的实现

利用Type 0092丝状菌不易引发污泥恶性膨胀的特点,本实验采用实际生活污水,以SBR反应器接种短程硝化污泥,考察了短程硝化状态下启动Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀的特性,研究了系统启动与维持期间的污泥沉降性能、亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)、污染物去除特性以及污泥菌群结构变化情况.结果表明控制DO为0. 3～0. 8 mg·L~(-1),F/M(以COD/MLSS计)=0. 24 kg·(kg·d)~(-1),按照交替缺氧/好氧模式运行(单周期3次,缺氧∶好氧=20 min∶60 min),能够启动Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀与短程硝化耦合,系统SVI值维持在180 m L·g~(-1)左右,NAR一直维持在99%左右,COD和TN去除率能够分别提高约13%和5%,相较于传统全程硝化非微膨胀状态曝气量能节省约62. 5%.当交替缺氧/好氧模式变为单周期交替6次,缺氧∶好氧=10 min∶30 min,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的活性会恢复,使短程硝化被破坏;低溶解氧、交替缺氧/好氧、低负荷是实现Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀的关键因素,当负荷(以COD/MLSS计)大于0. 25 kg·(kg·d)~(-1)时,仅靠低溶解氧和间歇曝气无法维持污泥微膨胀状态.     

气溶胶中不同类型碳组分粒径分布特征

了解气溶胶碳组分粒径分布特征对于研究区域气溶胶生成转化机制、辐射特性等非常重要,但北京地区针对气溶胶碳组分粒径分布特征的相关研究非常少.本研究利用MOUDI-120采样器在北京地区3个季节开展气溶胶分级样品的采集,并分析其中不同类型的碳组分的含量,进而系统研究不同季节及污染状况下,各碳组分的粒径分布特征、来源及相互关系.结果表明,碳组分主要富集在细粒子中,秋冬季细粒子中碳组分的比重高于夏季.碳组分主要分布在两个模态,即积聚模态和粗模态. OC1和OC2主要分布在积聚模态,在0. 056～0. 56μm范围内有较高比例,OC3+OC4在粗模态的分布较为明显.Soot-EC浓度较低,没有明显的粒径分布特征,在0. 10～0. 18μm粒径段浓度较高,表明高温燃烧排放的EC主要分布在超细粒径段. Char-EC浓度远高于Soot-EC,在EC中占绝大部分比重.各主要碳组分在白天和夜晚的分布形态基本一致.夏季和冬季较有利于SOC的形成,OC/EC比值明显高于秋季. OC/EC值在不同粒径区间中差异很大,由于水溶性有机物(WSOC)主要分布在0. 056～0. 10μm,OC/EC值明显高于其他粒径段.白天及高温有利于气态有机物氧化生成SOC,致使夏季白天的OC/EC比值明显高于夜晚.各碳组分之间,EC1和OC1相关性最强,此外EC1和K+也有很强的相关性.     

A practical real option methodology for the evaluation of farm-in/out joint venture agreements in mineral exploration

Although the “real option valuation” (ROV) methodology offers extremely valuable insights in optimising investment decisions in the face of uncertainty, its practical acceptance in the mining industry has until recently been slow because of its perceived computational complexity. Recent conceptual advances in the use of binomial lattices and software developments in the areas of decision trees and dynamic programming, have significantly simplified ROV analysis and made it of practical application in day-to-day financial evaluations and decisions involving uncertainty. This paper provides general background on the ROV methodology and an example of how a typical farm-in/out agreement, as a preliminary to the establishment of a joint venture (JV), can be valued as a series of sequential and compound real options. For illustrative and quality assurance purposes, a simple farm-in/out agreement is valued from the point of view of the party acquiring equity in the project (the farm-inee) using two distinct methods, i.e. (a) a binomial lattice and (b) a decision tree in combination with binomial stochastic processes, in both cases neutralising risk using the user-friendly “risk-neutral probability”. The fact that exactly the same ROV is obtained by both methods provides confidence in the modified decision tree approach, which opens up the capacity to value the more complex sequential/compound real options inherent in real-life farm-in/out agreements. The model is then modified to incorporate a number of realistic contractual conditions often encountered in typical exploration and mining farm-in/out deals. The paper demonstrates how the increased complexity of the model can be relatively easily addressed using a decision tree with dynamic programming capability.     

卤代海因的危险特性实验研究

为评价卤代海因的危险特性,通过克南实验、时间压力实验以及固体氧化性实验分别对二氯海因、溴氯海因以及二溴海因的爆炸性和氧化性进行了测试,通过家兔皮肤刺激性/腐蚀性实验对三种卤代海因的刺激性进行了研究,并分别对三种卤代海因的危险性进行了对比分析。结果表明：二氯海因、溴氯海因以及二溴海因都具有氧化性、对家兔皮肤具有严重刺激性、在正常商业包件中可能达到的压力下点火会导致具有爆炸猛烈性的爆燃;溴氯海因以及二溴海因克南实验极限直径均小于1.0mm,在封闭条件下加热不显示效应,二氯海因的克南实验极限直径为2.0mm,在封闭空间加热显示某种效应。三种卤代海因的氧化性和对家兔皮肤的刺激性没有显著区别,但二氯海因较溴氯海因以及二溴海因在封闭空间加热显示的效应更强。     

矿产资源总体规划对四川省甘孜州资源-环境承载力影响分析研究

本文根据矿区资源环境承载力的内涵,构建了"目标层-准则层-因子层-指标层"资源环境承载力评价体系,并在此基础上通过专家咨询打分的方式,采用层次分析法(AHP法)计算得出甘孜州矿产资源总体规划实施现状年、近景年、远景年3个时间段资源-环境承载力综合指数,为四川省甘孜州矿产资源总体规划环评影响影响评价提供了技术支撑和科学根...