Characterization, treatment and releases of PBDEs and PAHs in a typical municipal sewage treatment plant situated beside an urban river, East China

Characterization, treatment and releases of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners and sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewater were evaluated along the treatment processes of a typical secondary treatment municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) (in Hefei City) situated the beside Nanfei River, East China. The findings showed that the average concentrations of the total PBDEs in raw wastewater and treated effluent were 188.578 and 36.884 ng/L respectively. Brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) 209 congener, the predominant PBDE in the STP and Nanfei River, could be related to the discharge of car-industry-derived wastes. For PAHs, the average concentrations in raw wastewater and treated effluent were 5758.8 and 2240.4 ng/L respectively, with naphthalene, benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene being detected at the highest concentrations. PAHs mainly originate from the combustion of biomass/coal and petroleum. The STP reduced about 80% of the PBDEs and 61% of the PAHs, which were eliminated mainly by sedimentation processes. The removal rates of PBDEs/PAHs increased with the increase of their solid-water partitioning coefficients. Accordingly, the STP's effluent, containing some PBDE congeners (e.g., BDE 47, 99 and 209, etc.) and low-molecular-weight PAHs, could be an important contributor of these contaminants' input to Nanfei River. It resulted in a significant increase of PBDE/PAH concentrations and PAH toxicological risk in the river water downstream. About 4.040 kg/yr of PBDEs and 245.324 kg/yr of PAHs could be released into the Nanfei River. The current conventional wastewater treatment processes should be improved to remove the relatively low-molecular-weight PBDEs/PAHs more effectively.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil from three typical industrial areas in Beijing, China

Areas containing industrial facilities belonging to three different typical industries that may cause pollution by polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in Beijing, China were investigated. Specifically, the areas contained a solid waste incineration plant, a chemical factory, and a heat and power plant. Investigation of the pollution status of PBDEs in the surface soil from areas around these industries revealed the highest concentration of 42 PBDE congeners （118 ng/g, dry mass） at the solid waste incineration plant. In the other two plants, the highest concentrations were both 26 ng/g （dry mass）. Among the PBDE homologues, the PBDE contamination at all sites showed similar congener compositions, with BDE 209 being the dominant congener. Our findings established the first contamination status of three typical industrial areas in Beijing. Furthermore, the total concentrations of 42 PBDE congeners tended to decrease as the distance from the investigated plants increased. Overall, these plants were identified as potential pollution sources of PBDEs in Beijing. Moreover, Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the major PBDE source in Beijing may be associated with the technical deca-BDE and penta-BDE mixture. Based on the data obtained in this preliminary investigation, further study of the potential of these sources to emit PBDEs in Beijing is warranted.     

液液小体积萃取气相色谱法测定水中丙烯酰胺

文章建立了溴化衍生-液液小体积萃取-气相色谱法-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定水中丙烯酰胺的方法。优化了前处理步骤,缩短了样品的处理时间,减少了试剂和样品的使用量。取20 mL水样,分别加入H2SO4、KBrO3、KBr,4℃下反应至少30 min,丙烯酰胺与新生溴反应生成2,3-二溴丙酰胺。加入Na2S2O3去除多余的溴,加无水硫酸钠于室温下溶解盐析,用2.0 mL乙酸乙酯萃取,取上层萃取液GC-ECD分析。用衍生物2,3-二溴丙酰胺的响应峰面积对水中丙烯酰胺的质量浓度绘制工作曲线,相关系数达到0.999 47。方法适用于饮用水、地表水中丙烯酰胺的测定,检出限可达到0.026μg/L,相对标准偏差RSD为2.70%,加标回收率为80.67%¹00.43%。     

多溴联苯醚在河套农灌区土壤和水体中的分布特征

PBDEs作为一类全球性的新兴持久性有机污染物,因其具有疏水性,土壤和沉积物对其有很强的固着能力,被认为很难进入地下水中。文章在河套平原典型的黄河农灌区采集地下水、地表水以及表层土壤样品,利用GC-μECD和GC-MS方法测定发现,地下水和地表水中均检测到PBDEs,且主要为BDE209,其在地下水中含量高达5.3μg/L,而地表水中仅为0.03μg/L,揭示PBDEs存在污染地下水的可能性。对土壤中PBDEs的分析发现,其优势同系物为BDE47、100、183和99,主要富集在地面以下0~5 cm和10~15 cm处,该范围普遍发现农用地膜(PBDEs≤5μg/g)的残留物。此外,研究区主要农作物(玉米、番茄、瓜类、小麦和葵花)中,广泛利用地膜的玉米种植土壤中PBDEs的含量最高,达77.13 ng/g。研究显示,降雨淋滤以及灌溉水入渗作用下,地膜中PBDEs的释放可能是研究区土壤以及地下水中PBDEs不可忽略的重要污染源。     

铜绿微囊藻胞内物消毒副产物生成：氯化和溴化比较

为了研究蓝藻水华期间释放的有机物给原水水质及给水处理过程带来的影响,选取优势藻种铜绿微囊藻的胞内物质(IOM)作为前驱体,分析了其结构特征.此外,分别研究了IOM在pH 6.5、7.1及8.4条件下与氯及溴反应后性质的变化及消毒副产物的生成,并进行了相关性分析.结果表明,IOM中以相对分子质量较大的组分(>30×103)为主,其溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量占总量的68.8%.三维荧光光谱(EEM)的结果表明IOM的成分主要以芳香蛋白类物质为主,其单位DOC的荧光强度为92.6 AU·L·mg-1.与氯或溴反应后,芳香蛋白类EEM峰值下降了76.6%~93.3%,且其降低值与三卤甲烷(THMs,R2=0.81)和卤乙酸(HAAs,R2=0.77)的生成量正相关.IOM与氯或溴反应生成的THMs和HAAs浓度均随着pH的增加而增加.溴相比氯与IOM反应可以生成更多的THMs和HAAs,且HAAs的卤代程度更高,但是氯及溴与IOM反应能力的差异随着pH的升高而逐渐减小,即k OBr·IOM/k OCl·IOM相似文献   

膜法处理垃圾渗滤液新技术实验研究

将改进间歇式活性污泥法与FIL-MAX膜组合处理工艺相结合,应用于沈阳某垃圾场垃圾渗滤液处理工程实例中。通过实验,分析了COD、NH3-N等指标的处理效率以及影响因素,最终得出改进间歇式活性污泥法与FIL-MAX组合工艺处理在一定程度上改善膜污染、膜堵塞等常见问题。     

电子废物拆解与焚烧场地多溴联苯醚污染特征

为了解不同类型电子废物场地土壤PBDEs污染的差异,对典型电子废物拆解和焚烧场地土壤中PBDEs的污染特征进行了比较研究。结果表明,拆解场地土壤中∑21PBDEs含量为28.19²3 517.27 ng/g(dw),平均为5 812.90 ng/g(dw);焚烧场地土壤中∑21PBDEs含量为5.2723 517.27 ng/g(dw),平均为5 812.90 ng/g(dw);焚烧场地土壤中∑21PBDEs含量为5.27²2 108.39 ng/g(dw),平均为2 282.98 ng/g(dw)。2种类型污染场地土壤中PBDEs含量均较高,以拆解场地污染更为严重;2种场地均主要表现出十溴联苯醚工业品使用的污染特征,而焚烧场地还表现出了一定的八溴联苯醚工业品使用的污染特征。两种类型场地土壤中污染物均发生了垂向迁移,其中拆解场地土壤中PBDEs的纵向迁移能力更强。     

氧化还原循环过程中沉积物磷的形态及迁移转化规律

为研究沉积物在氧化还原循环过程中磷循环迁移转化机制,通过控制实验模拟分析氧化还原条件下,上覆水理化性质变化特征、沉积物各形态磷变化及机制研究,并量化沉积物中磷的重新分配和沉积物磷酸盐的释放通量影响.结果表明:(1)氧化还原电位Eh和p H体系、硫体系、碳体系以及与磷相关性密切的铁体系变化规律具有周期性,并对解释沉积物-水两相界面磷的迁移转化机制有重要作用;(2)在氧化还原循环过程中,各形态磷含量随着氧化还原条件和时间变化,根据水-沉积物磷素变化量化分析可得,可还原态磷(BD-P)和铁铝结合态磷(Na OH-rP)是可逆地重新分配到弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P)、聚磷/有机磷(Na OH-nrP)、残渣态磷(Rest-P)和间隙水溶解性活性磷(SRP)中,且沉积物中变化量93. 7%的磷在还原反应时不会释放到水体中;(3)上覆水总磷(TP)浓度变化的92%为上覆水的SRP,表明水-沉积物在该循环过程中以水溶性磷交换为主;(4)根据Fick第一定律得,还原阶段磷扩散通量最大值为0. 58 mg·(m~2·d)-1,而氧化阶段第7 d扩散通量约为0. 16～0. 22 mg·(m~2·d)-1;氧化反应阶段,扩散通量随时间逐渐降低,还原阶段的变化趋势相反,表明还原状态会加速沉积物磷的扩散程度,而曝氧降低了沉积物磷扩散通量.     

国六重型柴油车挥发性有机物排放特性

选取5辆典型国六重型柴油车,进行基于C-WTVC的挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放测试,分析了包括7种苯系物以及14种醛酮类物质的比排放量.结果表明,甲苯、苯、苯乙烯是国六重型柴油车苯系物排放的主体物质,占总量的60%~86%;而甲醛、乙醛、苯甲醛是醛酮污染物的主要物质,占总量的72%~87%.在同时包含市区、市郊和高速综合工况的试验车会产生较高的苯系物和醛酮类物质的排放,苯、苯乙烯在综合工况下的比排放量分别为处于市郊工况车型的1.25倍、1.45倍,市区占比为40%的货车具有最高的甲醛比排放量20.84mg/（kW×h）,有超甲醇车甲醛排放限值的风险;在市郊工况下车型的甲苯、乙醛排放平均分别为其余车型的1.65倍、2.1倍.测试车辆的臭氧潜势均值达到（249.53±10） mgO₃/（kW×h）.     

废弃电子垃圾拆解地野生鱼类卤系阻燃剂残留

为了解废弃拆解地环境中电子垃圾相关污染物的含量水平及其生态风险,本文测试了华南某废弃电子垃圾拆解地野生鲮鱼和鲫鱼体内多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）、多溴联苯（PBBs）、得克隆（DP）和替代型溴系阻燃剂（ABFRs）等卤系阻燃剂（HFRs）的含量和组成,评估了这些污染物对于野生鱼类及食鱼野生动物的生态风险.电子垃圾拆解地鲮鱼和鲫鱼体内∑HFRs的含量范围分别为1230~1680和141~650ng/g,高于对照区1~2个数量级,表明虽然粗犷的电子垃圾回收活动已禁止多年,当地野生鱼类仍然受到HFRs严重污染.PBDEs是鱼体内最主要的HFRs,鲮鱼和鲫鱼体内其分别占∑HFRs的96%和89%.鲮鱼和鲫鱼体内HFRs含量和组成均存在显著差异,可能与其生活习性、营养级和脂肪含量不同有关.风险评估结果显示,PBDEs对野生鱼类及食鱼野生动物均具有较大的生态风险.