The Monitoring,Evaluation, Reporting and Verification of Climate Change Projects

Because of concerns with the growing threat of global climate change from increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, the United States and other countries are implementing, by themselves or in cooperation with one or more other nations, climate change projects. These projects will reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or sequester carbon, and will also result in non-GHG benefits (i.e., environmental, economic, and social benefits). Monitoring, evaluating, reporting, and verifying (MERV) guidelines are needed for these projects to accurately determine their net GHG, and other, benefits. Implementation of MERV guidelines is also intended to: (1) increase the reliability of data for estimating GHG benefits; (2) provide real-time data so that mid-course corrections can be made; (3) introduce consistency and transparency across project types and reporters; and (4) enhance the credibility of the projects with stakeholders. In this paper, we review the issues involved in MERV activities. We identify several topics that future protocols and guidelines need to address, such as: (1) establishing a credible baseline; (2) accounting for impacts outside project boundaries through leakage; (3) net GHG reductions and other benefits; (4) precision of measurement; (5) MERV frequency and the persistence (sustainability) of savings, emissions reduction, and carbon sequestration; (6) reporting by multiple project participants; (7) verification of GHG reduction credits; (8) uncertainty and risk; (9) institutional capacity in conducting MERV; and (10) the cost of MERV.     

基于API方法的城市大气污染评价

收集了2006年《重点城市空气质量日报》中中国86个重点城市空气质量主要分析指标——空气污染指数（API）、首要污染物、空气质量级别,并对数据进行统计分析。结果表明：（1）总体来说,中国城市大气质量良好;（2）城市大气污染以煤烟型污染为主,大气中以TSP、SO2和NOx作为首要污染物出现的频率依次递减;（3）城市大气污染最严重的季节是冬季,最轻的季节是夏季;（4）城市大气环境质量表现出从北到南、从沿海至内陆逐步变差的趋势。     

Controversial sectors in banks’ sustainability reporting

Albeit indirectly, through its lending and investing, the financial sector can contribute substantially to achieve sustainable development. One of such practices concerns investment on or financing of entities that deal with environmentally or socially sensitive transactions (gambling, tobacco, alcohol, arms, etc.). Although there is a wealth of literature on banks’ CSR and its reporting, one can count on the fingers of one hand the studies mentioning explicitly these issue. What is more, this CSR practice gets treated only cursorily in these few studies. This study focuses on the communication of information on investment and financing of firms from controversial sectors in banks’ sustainability reports. We begin by examining whether financial institutions in our sample report having such policies or not. Then, we investigate what kind of policies are reported. In addition, this study seeks to capture the influence of national culture and firm-specific characteristics (type of property, listing status and multinationality) on the reporting of such issues. Ordinal regression analysis is used to analyse the relation of these factors with such reporting. Our findings suggest that the disclosure of information on policies regarding investment on and financing of firms from controversial sectors is not widespread, and the organizations reporting policies of total exclusion of some sectors or projects on ethical grounds are few. This study may encourage more detailed analyses of the type of CSR policies examined and of their impacts. It also may be of utility to banks by raising awareness about the need to consider these issues.     

上海市空气污染指数API的时空分布特征

空气污染指数(API)是一种综合反应和评价空气质量的指标,分级表征空气污染程度和空气质量状况.利用上海市环境监测中心收集的上海市2006 ～2011年各个区的API指数,对API指数进行时间序列分析和空间分析,包括近6年来API的年变化、季节变化以及比较上海市市区和郊区的API值.结果表明:上海市的空气污染状况在2006～2011年期间得到改善;夏季的空气质量最好,春季最差;空间上存在城郊差异,郊区API指数低于市区,金山区空气质量最好,普陀区和宝山区质量较差.     

水质监测领域报表工具的研究与应用

水质报表是水环境监测领域内系统的重要组成部分,为加快水质报表的开发,增强水质报表的可维护性,设计独立于系统并且符合水质报表特性的报表工具。该报表工具分为报表设计器和报表服务器两部分,设计器提供可视化的报表编辑界面,允许用户自己设计报表函数,服务器负责报表的调用和解析并且采用缓存机制提高报表的运行效率,将该报表工具应用于水质环境监测及分析系统以验证其实用性,结果证明,该水质报表工具具有较高的灵活性和可扩展性。     

AQI vs API——新老空气质量标准之对比

对昆明市空气质量监测数据分别用空气质量污染指数（API）和空气质量指数（AQI）做评价,并进行比较。叙述了测点小时数据、测点日均数据和城市日均数据对应的空气质量及区别。环保部和云南省环保厅分别发布的昆明市空气质量差别是由于评价空气质量的标准不同所致。     

城市空气污染分布不均匀特征分析

运用空气质量数据统计分析方法研究了广东省城市间空气污染的分布特征,同时以广州和佛山为例,根据主要工业污染源分布、常规监测站点监测数据及路边空气质量监测实验分析了城市内部空气污染分布特征。研究结果表明,城市间与城市内部的空气污染分布存在不均匀性,空气污染分布不均匀的特点使得少数监测站点的空气质量监测结果难以全面代表整个城市的空气质量。     

高含硫气田集气站设备定量风险评价

为预防高含硫天然气泄漏事故和制定设备检测策略,对集气站设备进行定量风险评价。利用DNV Leak数据库得到集气站关键设备的同类失效频率,利用API 581标准对同类失效频率修正得到失效频率。用PHAST软件计算4种典型泄漏孔尺寸的燃烧爆炸和毒性的影响区域范围,确定设备的燃烧爆炸风险和毒性风险。结果表明,利用该方法能够确定设备风险大小顺序。