甘肃南部典型城镇PM2.5浓度及水溶性离子特征分析

为研究甘肃南部城镇PM_2.5及水溶性离子（WSIIs）浓度水平,于2019年4月—2020年2月在甘肃成县按季度进行PM_2.5样品采集,分析了其变化特征,并运用相关和主成分分析法进行来源解析.结果表明：采样期间甘肃成县PM_2.5年平均质量浓度为（57.2±26.9） μg·m^-3,表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的季节变化特征,冬季质量浓度约为夏季的1.9倍,全年空气质量优良率为81%,其中夏季达100%.WSIIs质量浓度呈现SO₄^2->NO₃^->Na⁺>NH₄⁺>Ca²⁺> K⁺>Cl^->Mg²⁺的特征.SNA是浓度水平最高的3种水溶性离子,占8种主要水溶性离子浓度的70.1%.ρ（NO₃^-）/ρ（SO₄^2-）平均值为0.6,表明工农业生产及化石燃料燃烧排放等固定源是颗粒物污染的主要来源.新型冠状病毒疫情期间人员管控对PM_2.5和水溶性离子中SNA质量浓度影响显著,PM_2.5平均质量浓度降幅达44.2%.源解析表明,PM_2.5中WSIIs主要来自化石燃料燃烧、生物质燃烧及二次源和道路建筑扬尘等.     

多元竞争体系下的微界面动力学响应机理研究—以细颗粒泥沙吸附多元重金属离子铅、铜和镉为例

研究微界面动力学响应机理能更好地了解动力学扩散模式的内在机制.通过竞争吸附实验,采用微界面作用模式识别多元重金属离子铅、铜和镉在泥沙颗粒上的扩散模式,探究多元重金属离子的液相浓度和吸附速率变化规律,剖析多元竞争体系下的微界面动力学响应机理.结果显示,10 min前,多元竞争体系下离子的液相浓度和吸附速率变化较大,为快速吸附阶段,与扩散速率较大的膜扩散过程对应.10 min后,离子的液相浓度波动变化,吸附速率变化呈“N型”、“倒N型”、“W型”和“倒W型”特征,吸附解吸交替进行,不同竞争体系离子的液相浓度和吸附速率变化不同,进入孔隙的时间存在差异,此阶段为膜扩散和颗粒内扩散并存,不同竞争体系的离子的颗粒内扩散时间不一致.60 min后, 离子的液相浓度较稳定和吸附速率较小,微界面作用趋于稳定,为扩散速率较小的颗粒内扩散阶段.研究结果可为多元竞争体系的微观界面动力学响应机理提供理论支撑.     

民用煤排放PM2.5中碳组分与水溶性离子特征

研究4种典型民用煤燃烧排放PM_2.5中的碳组分以及水溶性离子含量特点,并通过PAM-OFR(潜在气溶胶质量-氧化流动反应器)模拟了大气老化过程(2d)对煤球与烟煤燃烧PM_2.5中碳组分与水溶性离子含量的变化影响。结果表明,烟煤燃放PM_2.5中碳组分含量最高,达到57.96%,其EC含量是其他煤种的4.3~9.6倍。民用煤燃烧产生PM_2.5中水溶性离子以Na⁺与SO₄^2-为主,其在总水溶性离子中占比合计约47%~76%。经历了大气老化试验后,煤球与烟煤燃烧排放PM_2.5中NH₄⁺和NO₃^-离子含量大幅增加,与之相比,TC占PM_2.5比例分别下降了12.03%与19.99%。     

Year-round observation of atmospheric inorganic aerosols in urban Beijing: Size distribution, source analysis, and reduction mechanism

To investigate particle characteristics and find an effective measure to control severe particle pollution, year-round observation of size-segregated inorganic aerosols was conducted in Beijing from January to December, 2016. The sampled atmospheric particles all presented bimodal size distribution at four pollution levels (clear, slight pollution, moderate pollution and severe pollution), and peak values appeared at the size range of 0.7-2.1 μm and >9.0 μm, respectively. As dominant particle compositions, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and NH₄⁺ in four pollution levels all showed significant peaks in fine mode, especially at the size range of 1.1-2.1 μm. Secondary inorganic aerosols accounted for about 67.6% (36.3% (secondary sulfates) + 31.3% (secondary nitrates)) of the total sources of fine particles in urban Beijing. Severe pollution of fine particles was mainly caused by the air masses transported from nearby western and southern areas, which are industrial and densely populated region, respectively. Sensitivity tests further revealed that the control measures focusing on ammonium emission reduction was the most effective for particle pollution mitigation, and fine particles all showed nonlinear responses after reducing ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate concentrations, with the fitting curves of y = -120.8x - 306.1x² + 290.2x³, y = -43.5x - 67.8x², and y = -25.8x - 110.4x² + 7.6x³, respectively (y and x present fine particle mass variation (μg/m³) and concentration reduction ratio (CRR)/100 (dimensionless)). Overall, our study presents useful information for understanding the characteristics of atmospheric inorganic aerosols in urban Beijing, as well as offers policy makers with effective measure for mitigating particle pollution.     

Cobalt-induced oxidative stress in brain, liver and kidney of goldfish Carassius auratus

Cobalt is an essential element, but at high concentrations it is toxic. In addition to its well-known function as an integral part of cobalamin (vitamin B₁₂), cobalt has recently been shown to be a mimetic of hypoxia and a stimulator of the production of reactive oxygen species. The present study investigated the responses of goldfish, Carassius auratus, to 96 h exposure to 50, 100 or 150 mg L⁻¹ Co²⁺ in aquarium water (administered as CoCl₂). The concentrations of cobalt in aquaria did not change during fish exposure. Exposure to cobalt resulted in increased levels of lipid peroxides in brain (a 111% increase after exposure to 150 mg L⁻¹ Co²⁺) and liver (30-66% increases after exposure to 50-150 mg L⁻¹ Co²⁺), whereas the content of protein carbonyls rose only in kidney (by 112%) after exposure to 150 mg L⁻¹ cobalt. Low molecular mass thiols were depleted by 24-41% in brain in response to cobalt treatment. The activities of primary antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, were substantially suppressed in brain and liver as a result of Co²⁺ exposure, whereas in kidney catalase activity was unchanged and SOD activity increased. The activities of glutathione-related enzymes, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase, did not change as a result of cobalt exposure, but glutathione reductase activity increased by ∼40% and ∼70% in brain and kidney, respectively. Taken together, these data show that exposure of fish to Co²⁺ ions results in the development of oxidative stress and the activation of defense systems in different goldfish tissues.     

磷灰石在废水治理中的应用

由于具有特殊的晶体化学特点，天然磷灰石可以作为一种新型环境功能矿物材料用于对含重金属废水的处理。对Cd^2 ,Pb^2 ,Fe^2 ,[UO2]^2 ,Cu^2 ,Zn^2 ,Cr^6 ,和Hg^2 等离子的吸附实验结果表明，磷灰石对绝大多数重金属离子去除效果很好。在室温和pH为3、作用时间为60min的实验条件下，Pb^2 去除率可达99．4％，饱和吸附容量超过1100mg/g。主要的去除机理包括吸附、表面络合、溶解－沉淀以及重金属离子与晶格中之间的离子交换作用。一般而言，被吸附的重金属离子可固化在晶格中而不出现解吸，因此不会产生二次污染。影响去除效果的因素包括磷矿石的类型、磷灰石的矿物成分、介质pH值、温度、吸附时间、离子的初始浓度、样品的粒度和用量等。通常，羟基磷灰石的效果优于氟磷灰石的，硅质磷块岩的效果优于钙质磷块岩的，结构碳酸根的存在能量增加比表面积从而增加反应活性。对于不同离子，最佳pH值条件不同。温度的升高有利于反应的快速进行，但一般地说60－180min即可达到平衡。     

酸性条件下剩余污泥中Ca2＋和Mg2＋溶出对磷回收的影响

为了在酸性条件下实现剩余污泥中磷的高效回收，对pH=3时剩余污泥水解酸化过程中氨氮、正磷酸盐和钙镁离子的溶出现象以及磷回收进行了研究分析。结果表明：当pH=3时，所溶出的氨氮、镁离子和钙离子与磷酸盐的摩尔比均大于1，能满足采用鸟粪石沉淀法或者羟磷灰石沉淀法回收磷的要求；但所溶出的钙镁离子的摩尔比大于1，会对鸟粪石沉淀法回收磷的顺利进行有较大影响；有无外加镁剂对磷回收率影响不大。采用改型后的镁型强酸性阳离子交换树脂进行离子交换可以得到较高纯度的鸟粪石沉淀产品，通过XRD检测其纯度为95％以上。     

Development and application of LC–APCI–MS method for biomonitoring of animal and human exposure to imidacloprid

Imidacloprid (IMI) is a relatively new neuro-active neonicotinoid insecticide and nowadays one of the largest selling insecticides worldwide. In the present study a LC–APCI–MS based method was developed and validated for the quantification of imidacloprid and its main metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CINA) in urine and hair specimens. The method was tested in biomonitoring of intentionally exposed animals and subsequently applied for biomonitoring of Cretan urban and rural population.     

Environmental and social impacts of electricity utilization: broadening the debate

Exposure of small laboratory animals to power-frequency high-voltage electric fields was reported to have endocrinological effects, including changes in pineal melatonin levels. It has been assumed that these results are directly attributable to electric-field effects, but this article suggests that air ionization, produced by corona activity at the animals’ body surfaces, may have been biologically active and could be relevant to the interpretation of some epidemiological and other studies. Although presently a matter of dispute, there is evidence that atmospheric ionization may be biologically active and could provide an alternative explanation for at least some apparent electromagnetic field interactions with biological subjects. Consideration of the electricity utilization environment as a whole, rather than one selected component, could allow the introduction of lower-cost, precautionary and putative hazard remediation measures.     

The Chemistry of Throughfall, Stemflow and Soil Water Beneath Oak Woodland and Moorland Vegetation in Upland Wales

The chemistry of bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil waters beneath an oak wood (Quercus petraea) canopy and soil waters under moorland vegetation were measured at two sites on acid brown podzolic soils near Llyn Brianne in rural mid-Wales, UK. Between March 1986 and November 1988, precipitation was 4354 mm and annual interception losses from the oak canopy averaged 13% of incident precipitation. Throughfall and stemflow were more acid and concentrations of most solutes were increased 2- to 4-fold compared with bulk precipitation. Nitrate was the only solute retained within the tree canopy. Throughfall collected beneath patches of bracken on the forest floor was less acidic but contained substantially higher concentrations of major ions than bulk precipitation and oak throughfall. the moorland soil was more acidic, contained more exchangeable calcium but less exchangeable aluminium and potassium than the woodland soil. Soil waters beneath both vegetation types were acidic (mean pH range 4.5-4.9) and dominated by sodium and chloride. with the exception of calcium, soil water solute concentrations were greater beneath oak. These differences are ascribed to larger atmospheric inputs beneath the oak canopy compared with the shorter grasses, combined with the effect of differences in nutrient dynamics and water fluxes. Variations in soil water aluminium chemistry are explained in terms of ion exchange and podzolisa-tion processes. the water quality implications of increased upland afforestation of moorland by broadleaved trees are discussed.