灰霾天气期间南京气溶胶的化学组成及光学特性研究

利用2013年6月—12月灰霾天气期间南京城郊气溶胶采样结果,研究气溶胶中水溶性离子的特征和相关性;结合同期城区的大气成分逐时观测资料,分析黑碳的日变化及其与气态污染物的关系;运用光学参量计算模型(OPAC)和辐射传输模型(TUV)研究气溶胶的光学特性及辐射强迫。结果表明:发生灰霾天气时南京城郊主要大气污染物是细颗粒,其中SO2-4与NO-3是最主要的水溶性无机盐离子,NO-3/SO2-4质量比较高,呈现硫酸盐和硝酸盐混合型污染特征。黑碳浓度具有明显的日变化特征,呈双峰型结构。灰霾期间硫酸盐气溶胶在大气层顶和地面造成的平均辐射强迫分别为-10.6 W/m2和-10.8 W/m2,黑碳气溶胶在正午大气层顶和地面造成的平均辐射强迫分别为9.12 W/m2和-29.77 W/m2。     

MODIS遥感气溶胶光学厚度产品在地面能见距中的应用

利用气象站点能见距的历史资料和NASA的MODIS卫星遥感手段获取10km*10km分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度资料,建立二者之间的季节平均关系,得到了上海地区季节变化的气溶胶标高,并利用标高数据和气溶胶光学厚度的季节分布,反演出上海地区季节变化的区域能见距分布,研究近地层大气气溶胶与地面能见距的关系,分析上海市能见度时空分布特征,结果显示:上海城区在冬春季平均能见距较差,市区中心能见距在10km以下;低能见距中心分布明显,且主要分布在杨浦、桃浦、吴淞等工业区范围.     

Variations and drivers of aerosol vertical characterization after clean air policy in China based on 7-years consecutive observations

Understanding the aerosol vertical characterization is of great importance to both climate and atmospheric environment. This study investigated the variations of aerosol profiles over eight regions of interest in China after clean air policy (2013-2019) and discussed the drivers of the vertical aerosol structure, using observations from active satellite measurements (CALIPSO). From the annual variation, the amplitude of extinction coefficient profiles showed a decreasing trend with fluctuations, and the maximum was 0.21 km⁻¹ in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (JJJ). For regions suffered from air pollution, the variation was greatest below 0.45 km, while it was between 1-1.5 km for Sichuan Basin. The correlation coefficient between the relative humidity (RH) and the extinction coefficient indicated that the increase of RH inhibited the decrease of the extinction coefficient in the Yangtze River Delta. In most regions, the main aerosol subtypes were polluted dust and polluted continental, but they were coarser in JJJ and North West. The frequency of concurrency of dust and polluted dust aerosols decreased in JJJ, but polluted continental aerosols occurred more frequently. Further, the aerosol extinction coefficient profiles under different pollution conditions showed that it changed most during heavy pollution periods in JJJ, especially in 2017, with a significant aerosol loading between ∼700 and 1200 m. The atmospheric reanalysis data revealed that the weak convergence at low level and the divergence at high level supported the upward transport of aerosols in 2017. Overall, the differences in divergence allocation, RH, and wind filed were the main meteorological drivers.     

西南地区大气中硫的化学特性及其对降雨的贡献率

1987-1989年春秋季在西南重庆、贵阳、成都和广元等地区采集大气颗粒物和雨水样品，测定了其中S和SO4^2-。探讨了颗粒物中S在粗细粒中的分布及水溶性S的百分比，估算了大气中S在气相(SO2)、液相(H2SO4)及固相(SO4^2-)中的分配比例，得知颗粒物中S对降雨的贡献率为18～50％。     

酸雨(水)对地质环境的影响研究及其意义

酸雨沉降对地质环境产生危害.地质体(岩石、矿物)为酸雨敏感性研究不可或缺的组成部分.开展地质环境对酸雨危害降解效应的研究具有重要的理论与现实意义.     

Atmospheric mineral particles collected at Qira in the Taklamakan Desert, China

Aerosol particles were collected in the situation of the widespread dust suspension on 21 February 1991 at Qira in the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert, western China. The collected particles were examined by a transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer in order to obtain the size and elemental composition of individual mineral particles.On the basis of EDX analyses for 386 particles, mineral particles were present in high number fractions (>99%) of particles in the radius range of 0.1–4 μm. Particles mainly composed of silicates comprised 76% of mineral particles. “Ca-rich” particles were detected in 7% of all the particles. Ca in the particles would be present not only as CaCO₃ but also as an internal mixture of CaCO₃ and CaSO₄. Particles containing halite (NaCl) were detected in number proportions of about 10% and were mainly present in the radius range of 0.5 μm. Some halite particles would be modified by chemical reactions with sulfuric acid.     

Impact of stratospheric volcanic aerosols on climate: Evidence for aerosol shortwave and longwave forcing in the Southeastern U.S.

Major volcanic eruptions inject massive amounts of dust and gases into the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. Stratospheric volcanic aerosols can scatter incoming solar radiation to space, increasing planetary albedo, reducing the total amount of solar energy reaching the troposphere and the earth's surface, and decreasing the daytime maximum temperature (aerosol shortwave forcing). They can also absorb and scatter outgoing terrestrial longwave radiation, increasing the nighttime minimum surface temperature (longwave forcing). However, persuasive evidence of climate response to this forcing has thus far been lacking. Here we examine patterns of annual and seasonal variations in mean maximum and minimum temperature trend during the periods 1992–1994 and 1985–1987 relative to that during the period 1988–1990 at 47 stations in the southeastern U.S. for evidence of such climate responses. The stratospheric volcanic aerosol optical depths over the southeastern U.S. during the period 1985–1994 were inferred from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gases Experiment (SAGE) 11 satellite extinction measurement. After the long-term trend signals are removed, it is shown that the dominant decreasing trend of mean maximum temperature and the dominant increasing trend of mean minimum temperature over periods 1992–1994 and 1985–1987 relative to that over the period 1988–1990 are consistent with the distribution of stratospheric volcanic aerosols and predictions from aerosol radiative forcing in the southeastern U.S.     

Aerosol exposure assessment during reclaimed water utilization in China and risk evaluation in case of Legionella

• The Chinese population exposure habits were surveyed. • The risks of three scenarios of reclaimed water utilization were evaluated by QMRA. • The risks were markedly higher than the threshold (10⁻⁴ pppy) recommended by WHO. • The risks were age-, educational background-, region- and gender-specific. Reclaimed water utilization provides an effective way to alleviate water shortage. However, the residual pathogens in the recycled water like Legionella, could be spread into the air as aerosols through water-to-air transmission process. Inhaling the aerosols by the people nearby increases their susceptibility to diseases. For estimating the health risks associated with the potential exposure of airborne Legionella emitted from the urban use of reclaimed water in China, nationwide questionnaire was designed to investigate the exposure habits of Chinese population in different scenarios. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) served as the suitable explanatory tool to estimate the risk. The results indicated that annual infection probability of populations exposed to Legionella for three scenarios, 0.0764 (95% CI: 0.0032–0.6880) for road cleaning, 1.0000 (95% CI: 0.1883–1.0000) for greenfield irrigation, 0.9981 (95% CI: 0.0784–1.0000) for landscape fountain, were markedly higher than the threshold recommended by WHO (10⁻⁴ per person per year (pppy)) according to the concentration distribution of Legionella in the reclaimed water. An age-, educational background-, region- and gender-specific data in annual infection probability also showed different tendencies for some subpopulations. This study provides some detailed information on the health risks from the water reuse in China and will be useful to promote the safe application of reclaimed water in water-deficient areas.     

Anthropogenic pollutants in the Russian Arctic atmosphere: sources and sinks in spring and summer

The 5-day forward and backward trajectories of air mass transport to three Russian Arctic points for each day in April and July over a 10-year period from 1986 to 1995 have been analyzed. The important features and seasonal differences in air exchange processes in various areas of the Arctic have been investigated. Taking into account seasonal variations in aerosol scavenging mechanisms and velocities, the average contributions of large highly industrialized regions of the Russian Arctic air pollution were estimated for April and July. Reasonable correspondence between the calculated mean concentrations for six anthropogenic chemical elements (As, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, Cd) and experimentally determined values have been obtained. The atmospheric pollution transport from the Arctic was studied as yet another way of cleaning the Arctic atmosphere, in addition to the traditionally considered wet and dry depositions onto the surface. The average apportionment of conservative contaminants after passing the observation points was estimated for spring and summer. The air masses passing through the observation points in spring may take about 20–40% of pollutants out of the Arctic. In summer, however, more than 90% of pollutants transported into the Russian Arctic deposit within 5 days onto the surface inside the Arctic region. The monthly average fluxes of six anthropogenic elements onto the surface in the Russian Arctic were estimated for April and July.