Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed

A new anaerobic reactor, Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed （JLAFB）, was designed for treating high-sulfate wastewater. The treatment characteristics, including the effect of influent COD/SO42 ratio and alkalinity and sulfide inhibition in reactors, were discussed for a JLAFB and a general anaerobic fiuidized bed （AFB） reactor used as sulfate-reducing phase and methane-producing phase, respectively, in two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The formation of granules in the two reactors was also examined. The results indicated that COD and sulfate removal had different demand of influent COD/SO4^2- ratios. When total COD removal was up to 85%, the ratio was only required up to 1.2, whereas, total sulfate removal up to 95% required it exceeding 3.0. The alkalinity in the two reactors increased linearly with the growth of influent alkalinity. Moreover, the change of influent alkalinity had no significant effect on pH and volatile fatty acids （VFA） in the two reactors. Influent alkalinity kept at 400-500 mg/L could meet the requirement of the treating process. The JLAFB reactor had great advantage in avoiding sulfide and free-H2S accumulation and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms. When sulfate loading rate was up to 8. 1 kg/（m^3.d）, the sulfide and free-H2S concentrations in JLAFB reactor were 58.6 and 49.7 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the granules, with offwhite color, ellipse shape and diameters of 1.0-3.0 mm, could be developed in JLAFB reactor. In granules, different groups of bacteria were distributed in different layers, and some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc. were found.     

Influence of lactic acid on the two-phase anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes

To evaluate the influence of lactic acid on the methanogenesis, anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was firstly conducted in a two-phase anaerobic digestion process, and performance of two digesters fed with lactic acid and glucose was subsequently compared. The results showed that the lactic acid was the main fermentation products of hydrolysis-acidification stage in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process for kitchen wastes. The lactic acid concentration constituted approximately 50% of the chemical oxygen demand （COD） concentration in the hydrolysis-acidification liquid. The maximum organic loading rate was lower in the digester fed with lactic acid than that fed with glucose. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） and COD removal were deteriorated in the methanogenic reactor fed with lactic acid compared to that fed with glucose. The specific methanogenic activity （SMA） declined to 0.343 g COD/（gVSS-d） when the COD loading were designated as 18.8 g/（L-d） in the digester fed with lactic acid. The propionic acid accumulation occurred due to the high concentration of lactic acid fed. It could be concluded that avoiding the presence of the lactic acid is necessary in the hydrolysis-acidification process for the improvement of the two-phase anaerobic digestion process of kitchen wastes.     

碱处理对秸秆厌氧消化的影响

为减少秸秆碱处理的碱用量,提高秸秆的产气量,从产气量、XRD和FTIR等角度对碱预处理与后处理进行了初步比较,并对碱处理前后秸秆浸提液的理化性质以及秸秆的物质结构变化进行了分析.结果表明,秸秆经5%NaOH处理48 h后,细胞中的有机物大量溶出,COD、TN、NO 3--N和NH 4+-N分别从2 311.11、175.40、5.02和117.82 mg/L增至10 488.89、417.84、248.64和141.44 mg/L,表明碱处理不仅破坏木质纤维结构,还破坏核酸、氨基酸等含氮物的结构,将其中的氮以NO 3--N和NH 4+-N的形式释放出来;碱处理破坏了秸秆木质素结构,木质素含量降低,但纤维素的相对结晶度增加,从0.592 3增加到0.662 2.厌氧消化的结果显示,秸秆预处理与后处理的产气能力相当,单位TS产气量分别为382.32 mL/g和375.84 mL/g,较对照分别提高了28.13%和25.96%,但后处理的碱用量仅为预处理的50%;厌氧发酵后对照中的木质素含量增加,而预处理和后处理均降低,后处理对木质素的破坏效果更好;厌氧微生物可破坏纤维素的结晶区,后处理对纤维素结晶区和无定形区的破坏均强于预处理.     

金属罐消解—ICP-OES法直接测定土壤及植物中的铜、铅、锌

环境介质中的重金属种类繁多,而且含量高低不一。快速、准确地测定土壤及植物中的重金属含量是环境监测的重要任务之一。本文建立了金属罐消解—电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)同时测定土壤及植物中Cu、Pb、Zn的测试方法。试验表明,土壤及植物分别经HNO3-HF(2∶1)和HNO3-HF(2∶0.2)在190℃和150℃加热消解后完全分解溶出。经国家一级土壤及植物标准物质样品测定验证,结果与标准值吻合。土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn的加标回收率分别为99.4%～101.4%、99.5%～101.9%、99.7%～100.5%,RSD分别为2.05%、2.01%、1.79%;植物中Cu、Pb、Zn的加标回收率分别为99.3%～101.2%、96.9%～106.2%、99.7%～100.4%,RSD分别为2.84%、1.05%、0.985%。     

餐厨垃圾两相厌氧消化特性试验研究

研究了餐厨垃圾两相厌氧消化特性。以北京化工大学餐厨垃圾为原料,分别以不同有机负荷(10、30、50和70 gVS/L)、接种量(5、10、15和20 gVS/L)、酸化时间(3、5、7和9 d)考察其对酸化效果的影响,并对酸化出料进行甲烷化产气实验。结果表明,餐厨垃圾最优酸化条件为有机负荷30 gVS/L,酸化时间5 d,接种量15 gVS/L。在此条件下,单位负荷产酸率为561.0 mg乙酸/gVS,酸化末端产物主要为乙酸和丁酸,单位负荷累积产气量达到826.7 mL/gVS,比乙醇型最佳条件单位负荷累积产气量763.8 mL/gVS高8.2%,比丁酸型最低单位负荷累积产气量70.6 mL/gVS高1 070.3%。有机负荷、酸化时间、接种量依次对餐厨垃圾酸化有重要的影响,并且餐厨垃圾酸化效果和产气性能具有一致性。研究结果可为城市生活垃圾厌氧消化提供设计和运行依据。     

故障树分析法在安全完整性等级计算中的应用

在介绍故障树分析方法的基础上,重点分析了定量的故障树分析计算方法。以丙烯腈装置中的反应器压力高联锁回路为例,阐述了此方法在具体装置中的应用,结果表明具有很好的工程实用性。     

CE-318太阳光度计在大气环境监测中的应用

CE-318太阳光度计自动进行太阳直接辐射和天空光扫描探测,通过反演计算可获取大气气溶胶各种光学特性,在大气环境监测与研究领域发挥着重要作用。介绍了CE-318太阳光度计的仪器结构、测量工作程序和反演算法,并对2010年重庆城区大气Angstrom波长指数测量结果进行了简要分析。     

接种对厌氧消化产气的影响研究进展

厌氧消化是一种高效的废物处理方法,接种是影响厌氧消化能否成功启动的重要因素。文章从接种物的种类、接种量两方面讨论了接种对厌氧消化产气的影响,包括对厌氧产气量、产气速率和产甲烷速率的影响,指出以猪粪为底物时,一定接种量范围内,厌氧消化的产气率和甲烷产率随接种量的增加而增大,而当接种量过大时,产气率和甲烷产率反而随着接种量的增大而减小。最后,对接种对厌氧消化影响的研究作了展望。     

微波在线消解在环境样品分析中的应用及进展

微波在线消解技术是一种新颖的、有前途的样品预处理技术,跟其他消解技术比较,具有操作简单、快速、使用安全、空白值小、容易实现全自动化等优点。本研究对其在环境样品消解中的应用及最新进展进行了评述。     

NaOH处理对互花米草深度气化利用的影响

在实验室条件下,考察了NaOH固相处理用于互花米草中温干式发酵以及一次发酵后沼渣二次发酵的预处理方式的可行性,从产气特性、物质转化等角度进行了系统的分析.结果表明,NaOH处理对互花米草中温干式发酵产气未表现出促进作用,干物质（TS）产气量为358.94 mL/g,仅为CK的92.42%,但甲烷平均含量提高了1.84%...