不同pH条件下三氯乙烯及其脱氯产物对苯或甲苯厌氧生物降解的影响

将零价铁渗透反应格栅和生物降解格栅联用,先利用氯代烃易还原脱氯的性质通过零价铁渗透反应格栅去除氯代烃,后利用BTEX易生物降解的性质通过生物降解格栅去除BTEX,可以有效去除地下水中由氯代烃和BTEX这两种性质迥异的污染物形成的混合污染羽.但在联合格栅技术中,零价铁渗透反应格栅后的强碱性环境(pH9)、氯代烃脱氯还原中间产物(cis-1,2-DCE)的积累和可能出现的TCE穿透均可对生物降解格栅中BTEX的生物降解产生影响.针对上述问题,本文研究了不同pH条件下TCE和cis-1,2-DCE对苯或甲苯厌氧生物降解的影响.结果发现,碱性pH条件有利于苯或甲苯的生物降解,但不同pH条件下TCE或cis-1,2-DCE的加入对苯或甲苯的生物降解均产生抑制(除pH=7.9,cis-1,2-DCE=100μg·L-1时的甲苯),且TCE对苯和甲苯生物降解的抑制要明显强于cis-1,2-DCE;不同pH条件下,TCE 100和500μg·L-1对苯生物降解的抑制作用没有明显差异,但对甲苯生物降解的抑制却随着TCE浓度的增加而增加;pH=7.9时,cis-1,2-DCE的加入有利于甲苯的生物降解,之后随着pH的增加又转变为抑制.另外,在苯或甲苯厌氧生物降解过程中,可能存在cis-1,2-DCE与苯或甲苯的共代谢生物降解,且甲苯更有利于cis-1,2-DCE的共代谢降解.     

典型废矿物油中苯系物的污染特性及其再生利用中的迁移转化

分别对6种不同的废矿物油、废矿物油再生中的原料油、半成品油、成品油和废弃物中的苯系物(全称苯及衍生物,简称BTEX)污染特征进行了系统分析.结果表明,6种不同的废矿物油中,苯系物总含量大小为:废机油(3569.8 mg·kg~(-1))废淬火油(531.9 mg·kg~(-1))废铸造用油(314.8 mg·kg~(-1))废防锈油(96.5 mg·kg~(-1))废液压油(42.3 mg·kg~(-1))废润滑油(11.7 mg·kg~(-1)),这与苯系物的来源及油品的工作环境有关.再生利用过程中的原料及产品中,苯系物总含量大小为:半成品油(5516.2 mg·kg~(-1))成品油(2692.5 mg·kg~(-1))原料油(756.3mg·kg~(-1)),这与原料油催化裂解过程中新的苯系物的生成,以及半成品油吸附精制过程中部分苯系物被吸附有关.再生过程中产生的废弃物中,苯系物总含量大小为:酸渣(1368.9 mg·kg~(-1))废白土(382.1 mg·kg~(-1))沉淀油渣(145.3 mg·kg~(-1))废吸附沙(121.0 mg·kg~(-1))裂解残渣(25.7 mg·kg~(-1)),这与废矿物油再生处理工艺和方法有关.     

Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric BTEX,sulfur dioxide,nitrogen dioxide,and ozone concentrations in Istanbul,and health risk assessment of BTEX

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) along with inorganic gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and ozone (O₃) levels were found in the atmosphere of the Kemerburgaz region where environmental issues became a major concern due to nearby incineration plant and waste disposal facility in Istanbul. Ten sampling locations were selected considering possible sources in the study area. The sampling areas were classified as suburban, industrial, rural, and background regions. Sampling campaigns were carried out for four-week periods from March 2011 to August 2012 in all locations. Elevated concentrations of BTEX around roads and the industrial locations indicated that vehicle exhaust and industrial activities were the main sources of these pollutants in the region. Concentrations of NO₂ were also high around roads. A much more uniform distribution was observed for SO₂ during sampling periods. However higher levels were observed at suburban locations due to the use of coal for local heating especially during winter. Ozone concentrations were low at the industrial locations and roadsides, but high in suburban and rural locations downwind from the sources. The results of these organic and inorganic gases meet the national limit values. Furthermore, a lifetime risk assessment methodology was used to evaluate the potential adverse health effects of BTEX. The mean cancer risk level for benzene was estimated to be 7.71E-07 that is lower than assigned acceptable risk level of 1.0E-04. Toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes were lower than the specified level of 1.0 with respect to mean non-carcinogenic risks. The findings reveal that determined BTEX emissions do not pose a health threat to residents in the studied region.     

Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in a University Building

A total of 34 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in the indoor of laboratories, offices and classrooms of the Chemical Engineering Department of Hacettepe University in Ankara in 2 week-day passive sampling campaigns. The average concentrations ranged from 0.77 to 265 μg m^?3 at the different indoor sites, with the most abundant VOC found to be toluene (119.6 μg m^?3), followed by styrene (21.24 μg m^?3), 2-ethyltoluene (17.11 μg m^?3), n-hexane (10.21 μg m^?3) and benzene (9.42 μg m^?3). According to the factor analysis, the evaporation of solvents used in the laboratories was found to be the dominant source.     

2012年夏季天津城区BTEX污染特征与臭氧潜势分析

采用AMA GC5000BTX在线色谱仪监测天津城区2012年夏季大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯和间-对二甲苯(苯系物,BTEX)的浓度,并结合其最大增量活性因子(MIR)计算各组分的最大臭氧生成潜势量.结果表明,观测期间BTEX浓度均值为38.72μg/m3,其中甲苯和间-对二甲苯浓度最高,乙苯和苯次之,邻二甲苯最低, BTEX存在明显的日变化特征,受大气光化学反应和边界层扩散能力共同影响,午后浓度最低,夜间BTEX浓度维持在较高水平,各BTEX日变化趋势一致.苯与甲苯质量浓度的比值为0.77,表明机动车排放是BTEX的主要来源,但石油化工和涂料挥发等因素也对其存在影响.经计算,间-对二甲苯的最大臭氧生成潜势量最高,甲苯、乙苯和邻二甲苯相当,苯最低, 表明BTEX中间-对二甲苯的光化学反应活性最强.     

Biodegradation of alkylates under less agitated aquifer conditions

The biodegradability of three alkylates (2,3-dimethylpentane, 2,4-dimethylpentane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) under less agitated aquifer conditions was investigated in this study. All three alkylates biodegraded completely under these conditions regardless of the presence or absence of ethanol or benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in the feed. In the presence of ethanol, alkylates degradation was not inhibited by ethanol. However, alkylates degraded more slowly in the presence of BTEX suggesting competitive inhibition to microbial utilization of alkylates. In the sterile controls, alkylates concentrations remained unchanged throughout the experiments.     

生物滴滤池对BTEX的去除及相应细菌群落分析

以预先驯化的菌群和活性污泥作为起始接种物用于生物滴滤池(BTF)中,研究评估了BTF去除苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯混合气体(BTEX)的性能,并利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术分析了微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,BTF能在短时间内得到驯化,填料附着的生物量从第10 d的5.7 mg.g-1迅速增加至第30 d的112 mg.g-1.BTF能同时有效去除混合BTEX中的各组分,在进气负荷和停留时间分别为269.7 g.(m3.h)-1和39 s时,可获得的最大去除能力为216.6 g.(m3.h)-1.DGGE图谱表明,BTF中优势微生物种群主要来源于富集菌群,微生物群落结构随着运行时间发生变化,但在BTF上下空间分布较为均匀.     

Fuel derived pollutants and boating activity patterns in the Sea of Galilee

MTBE (Methyl tert-Butyl Ether) is a fuel additive that replaced lead as an antiknock compound in internal combustion motors. Few years after its introduction, detectable levels of MTBE were found in various water bodies. MTBE has a very low taste and odor threshold and is a potential carcinogen. Another group of fuel derived toxic compounds that has been detected in water bodies is BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene). Boating activity and allochthonous contributions from watersheds are the major sources of fuel derived pollutants in lakes. Their concentrations in lakes thus vary as a function of boating activity intensity, lake surface area and depth, weather and wind regime, land-use in the watershed, etc. The Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) is the only recreational lake in Israel and an important freshwater source. In the current study, a sampling campaign was conducted in order to quantify MTBE and BTEX concentrations in Lake Kinneret, its marinas and its main contributing streams. In addition, a boating-use survey was performed in order to estimate MTBE and BTEX contribution of recreational boating. The sampling campaign revealed that, as expected, MTBE concentrations were higher than BTEX, and that near shore (i.e., marina) concentrations were higher than in-lake concentrations. Despite the clear contribution from boating, high MTBE concentrations were found following a major inflow event in winter, indicating the importance of the allochthonous contribution. The contribution from boating during summer, as measured indirectly by in-lake concentrations, is likely underestimated due to enhanced MTBE volatilization due to strong winds and high temperatures. May–September was found to be the main recreational boating season, with continued boating year round. On average, a single boat is active 23 d/y, with 84% of the watercrafts being active only during weekends and holidays. The survey further indicated that boats stay in the lake for 4.5 h on average, which conforms to the unique winds regime that limits afternoon activity due to high winds, and have an average fuel consumption of 14 L/h. The annual load of MTBE and BTEX from recreational boating in Lake Kinneret was estimated at 4430 and 6220 kg/y respectively.     

农药企业场地土壤中苯系物污染风险及管理对策

苯系物主要包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯和苯乙烯等,是一类重要的环境污染物,可以通过呼吸道、消化道和皮肤等进入人体,对人体产生健康危害.采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱联用对河北省3个代表性农药企业场地内外土壤的苯系物进行分析,研究了土壤中苯系物的污染特征与健康风险.结果表明,A、B、C这3个企业场地土壤中的苯系物,除苯和苯乙烯外,甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯均有检出.苯系物总含量分别在673.50~32363.50 ng·g-1、nd~6 461.80 ng·g-1、461.70~8 740.80ng·g-1之间.检出的甲苯和乙苯含量(4619.50~7234.30 ng·g-1和364.60~7944.60 ng·g-1)超过加拿大工业用地指导值(370 ng·g-1和82 ng·g-1),场地A生产区灰尘中二甲苯含量甚至超过荷兰土壤干预值(17000 ng·g-1).对于场地外,区域Ⅰ(A周边)和区域Ⅱ(B、C周边)土壤苯系物浓度分别在nd~645.81 ng·g-1和nd~309.13 ng·g-1之间,均低于加拿大农业用地指导值.A、B、C场地内土壤中苯系物非致癌风险分别在2.90E-06~1.32E-04、nd~4.30E-05、1.29E-06~5.64E-05之间,远小于1,说明各场地土壤苯系物不存在明显的非致癌风险.场地外区域Ⅰ和Ⅱ苯系物的总非致癌风险分别在nd~2.02E-06和nd~1.10E-06之间,远低于1,同时也低于对应场地内非致癌风险的平均值.苯系物非致癌风险较高的区域主要集中在场地的下风向,此外,村庄和城镇周边土壤苯系物的非致癌风险略高于其他区域.整体来看,各场地内土壤和灰尘已受到不同程度的污染,场地外的农业用地环境质量也有所下降.据此,提出了企业环境管理和职工安全防护的具体对策建议.     

室内空气中苯系物污染现状及治理措施

苯系物指苯及苯的同系物,室内空气中的苯系物主要包括苯、甲苯和二甲苯。本文介绍了室内空气中苯系物的来源以及对人体的危害作用,讨论了目前室内苯系物的治理措施,为苯系物的治理提供一定的理论依据。