地下水污染风险评价中特征污染物量化方法探讨

针对地下水污染风险评价中的外界胁迫脆弱性评价缺乏有效量化体系这一问题,通过地下水污染源解析,提出了基于特征污染物及其对应排放量的量化体系;通过特征污染物属性解析及利用层次分析法确定研究侧重点,构建了该体系中的特征污染物量化方法.将该量化方法应用于北京市地下水污染风险评价,结果表明,依据不同研究侧重点得出的3种特征污染物危害性计算结果具有明显差异,并且3种危害性排序与对应的3种属性排序亦存在差异.由此表明,确定研究侧重点的主观倾向对特征污染物危害性计算结果有决定性影响.此外,在计算过程中,以序列值的方式解决3种属性的归一化及不同类别特征污染物属性量化结果的统一,会造成不同特征污染物之间相对属性特征的放大或缩小.     

浅析渣油催化裂化装置腐蚀与防护

目的研究渣油催化裂化装置在生产运行中存在的问题,解决该装置因腐蚀损害而造成停工停产的问题。方法对该装置典型的易腐蚀部位进行分析研究,主要包括对再生器卸剂线阀门冲蚀、膨胀节露点腐蚀、螺栓断裂的形貌分析及换热器管束端口腐蚀的具体分析,针对不同部位不同的腐蚀机理及采取的相关有效措施。结果基于上述典型案例的研究,提出该催化裂化装置日常防腐的4个措施,主要措施为强化腐蚀监测、强化施工质量监督、强化助剂管理及生产操作平稳运行。采用三指式电化学和电感腐蚀监测方式,对催化裂化装置的分馏塔顶油气系统、分馏塔顶循环系统、富气冷却系统、吸收稳定系统等易腐蚀部位进行重点监测,做到月汇总分析,根据腐蚀率进行重点关注,做好防腐和腐蚀率的对应措施。结论找准造成腐蚀的根本原因,针对腐蚀情况制定相应的应对措施,降低腐蚀速率,减低设备损坏,从而保证装置安稳长时间的运行。     

Effect of cadmium on photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, and artemisinin in hydroponically grown Artemisia annua

The effects of different cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 20, 60, and 100 μmol/L) on hydroponically grown Artemisia annua L. were investigated. Cd treatments applied for 0, 4, 12, 24, 72, 144, 216, and 336 hr were assessed by measuring the changes in photosynthetic pigments, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidants (ascorbic acid and glutathione), while the artemisinin content was tested after 0, 12, 144, 216, and 336 hr. A significant decrease was observed in photosynthetic pigment levels over time with increasing Cd concentration. Chlorophyll b levels were more affected by Cd than were chlorophyll a or carotenoid levels. The cell membrane was sensitive to Cd stress, as MDA content in all treatment groups showed insignificant differences from the control group, except at 12 hr treatment time. Ascorbic acid (AsA) content changed slightly over time, while glutathione (GSH) content took less time to reach a maximum as Cd concentration increased. Cd was found to promote synthesis and accumulation of artemisinin, especially at concentrations of 20 and 100 μmol/L. In conclusion, Cd stress can damage to photosynthetic pigments, and vigorously growing A. annua showed a strong tolerance for Cd stress. Appropriate amounts of added Cd aided synthesis and accumulation of artemisinin.     

考虑气体传输和应力耦合作用的页岩表观渗透率演化机理

为模拟页岩气抽采过程中孔隙压力对其吸附特性和渗透特性的影响,通过吸附及多孔弹性理论,建立考虑过剩吸附量的吸附模型,并进一步建立考虑气体传输影响的页岩表观渗透率模型,通过试验数据验证其合理性。结果表明,1)随孔隙压力逐渐升高,页岩过剩吸附量呈先快速增加后趋于平缓的变化趋势;随温度升高,其吸附量呈降低趋势。考虑过剩吸附量和温度修正的吸附模型计算结果与试验所测结果吻合较好,且能较好地反映不同温度下页岩过剩吸附量与孔隙压力的关系。2)页岩气体吸附过程中产生的基质膨胀变形量随孔隙压力升高而升高,且温度较低时的气体吸附变形量大于温度较高时的变形量。3)在有效应力恒定的条件下,CH₄和He的表观渗透率随努森数增大而减小。相同孔隙压力条件下,随有效应力升高CH4和He的表观渗透率均呈降低的趋势,且页岩表观渗透率对有效应力的敏感程度随孔隙压力升高而降低。相同有效应力条件下,充入He的页岩表观渗透率均大于充入CH4的页岩表观渗透率。4)构建考虑气体传输和应力耦合作用的页岩表观渗透率模型,模型计算的渗透率与实测值具有良好的一致性,能较好地表征不同外应力条件下的页岩表观渗透率演化规律。     

临近断层特厚煤层分层开采冲击地压发生机制

为了研究临近断层分层开采的冲击地压发生机制,以老虎台矿特厚煤层开采为研究背景,采用地质动力区划方法、数值模拟和现场监测方法对井田的地质动力环境、临近断层开采的围岩应力分布规律和断层滑移特征及其与冲击地压的关系进行了研究。采用地质动力区划方法,将老虎台井田断裂构造划分为5级,通过地震和矿震分布情况,确定老虎台矿地质构造活跃,处于较高的应力环境;采用FLAC3D数值模拟和锚索应力监测方法,分析断层围岩应力演化规律和断层滑移规律,在断层和开采共同作用下工作面断层侧超前支承压力急剧升高。结果表明,地质动力环境为冲击地压的发生创造了外界环境条件,断层和采动的耦合作用是冲击地压诱发的主要原因。     

特厚倾斜煤层采空区对公路路基沉降影响研究

为了研究采空区导致上覆复杂岩层运移致使公路路基沉降问题,以颗粒流理论为基础,通过下落法构建模型。根据煤层位置,假设了7种采空区长度进行模拟。模拟的结果为岩层应力、应变在不同情况下的最终状态,同时提出了影响区和松散堆积区的概念。结果表明,由于岩层构造复杂,在不同情况下主要影响区和松散堆积区的发展变化是不同的,特别是岩层4的作用较为特殊。根据公路路基设计规范,采空区只限于假设1和假设2的采空区范围内,路基沉降才能满足规范要求。     

Better understanding of the activated sludge process combining fluorescence-based methods and flow cytometry: A case study

This study aims to demonstrate the validity of fluorescence-based methods, together with flow cytometry, as a complementary tool to conventional physicochemical analyses carried out in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), for the control of the currently largely unknown activated sludge process. Staining with SYTO 9, propidium iodide and 5-(and 6)-carboxy-2′,7′-difluorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-H₂DFFDA) was used for cell viability and oxidative stress monitoring of the bacterial population forming the activated sludge of a WWTP. Throughout the period of research, several unstable periods were detected, where the non-viable bacteria exceeded the 75% of the total bacterial population in the activated sludge, but only in one case the cells with oxidative stress grew to 9%, exceeding the typical values of 2%–5% of this plant. These periods coincided in two cases with high values of total suspended solids (SST) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the effluent, and with an excess of ammonia in other case. A correlation between flow cytometric and physicochemical data was found, which enabled to clarify the possible origin of each case of instability in the biological system. This experience supports the application of bacterial fluorescence staining, together with flow cytometric analysis, as a simple, rapid and reliable tool for the control and better understanding of the bacteria dynamics in a biological wastewater treatment process.     

Effect of water-driven changes in rice rhizosphere on Cd lability in three soils with different pH

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of water management, namely continuous flooding (CF), intermittent flooding (IF) and non-flooding (NF), on Cd phytoavailaility in three paddy soils that differed in pH and in Cd concentrations. Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique was employed to monitor soil labile Cd and Fe concentrations simultaneously at three growth stages (tillering, heading and mature stage) of rice. The Cd phytoavailability were generally in the order of NF?>?IF?>?CF, and higher rice Cd (over permitted level, 0.2?mg/kg) were only found in neutral and acidic soils under NF conditions. DGT measured soil labile Cd rather than total Cd was the most reliable predictor for Cd accumulation in rice. CF enhanced the formation of root plaques, which related to oxidation of large quantities of available Fe on root surfaces due to the O₂ secretion of rice root. The Cd concentration in root plaques shared the same trend with DGT-Cd. Generally, root plaques would inhibit Cd uptake by rice under CF conditions, while under IF and NF conditions, root plaques act as a temporarily store of Cd, and soil labile Cd is the key factor that controls the transfer of Cd from soil to rice. The results of principle component analysis revealed that water management had the greatest effect on soil Cd lability and rice Cd in acidic soil. Thus, it is important to consider the availability of Cd and soil pH when assessing current agricultural practices of contaminated soil in China.     

水培试验下水稻Pb吸收累积关键生育期

水稻不同生育期对Pb的吸收累积差异明显.本研究通过水培试验,分别在水稻不同生育期(分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期、蜡熟期和成熟期)和全生育期添加0.5 mg·L~(-1)的外源Pb,以全生育期不添加外源Pb作为对照,研究水稻不同生育期Pb吸收累积的影响,明确水稻吸收累积Pb的关键生育时期及对水稻植株和糙米Pb累积的贡献.结果表明:①单一生育期Pb胁迫处理时,水稻株高和分蘖数差异不明显,而全生育期Pb胁迫处理下水稻株高和生物量均受到明显抑制;②水稻成熟后不同部位的Pb含量差异表现为:根系茎节1其他茎节根基茎茎叶穗轴谷壳糙米;不同生育期处理下糙米Pb含量范围为0.1～1.2 mg·kg~(-1),其顺序为:孕穗期Pb胁迫拔节期Pb胁迫分蘖期Pb胁迫灌浆期Pb胁迫成熟期Pb胁迫蜡熟期Pb胁迫;③水稻植株Pb累积量相对贡献率在水稻生殖生长时期(灌浆期、蜡熟期和成熟期)较大,而水稻地上部位Pb累积量相对贡献率在水稻营养生长时期(分蘖期、拔节期和孕穗期)较大;④孕穗期是糙米Pb积累的关键生育期,对糙米Pb累积的相对贡献率为43.3%,其次是拔节期和分蘖期处理,相对贡献率分别为24.4%和21.3%;⑤建议在水稻孕穗期适度采用淹水灌溉、施加改良剂或叶面阻控等技术措施,以降低糙米Pb累积,实现Pb污染稻田安全利用.