The transformation of outdoor ammonium nitrate aerosols in the indoor environment

Recent studies associate particulate air pollution with adverse health effects; however, the exposure to indoor particles of outdoor origin is not well characterized, particularly for individual chemical species. We conducted a field study in an unoccupied, single-story residence in Clovis, California to provide data and analyses to address issues important for assessing exposure. We used real-time particle monitors both outdoors and indoors to quantify nitrate, sulfate, and carbon particulate matter of particle size 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM-2.5). The results show that measured indoor ammonium nitrate concentrations were significantly lower than would be expected based solely on penetration and deposition losses. The additional reduction can be attributed to the transformation indoors of ammonium nitrate into ammonia and nitric acid gases, which are subsequently lost by deposition and sorption to indoor surfaces. A mass balance model that accounts for the kinetics of ammonium nitrate evaporation was able to reproduce measured indoor ammonium nitrate and nitric acid concentrations, resulting in a fitted value of the deposition velocity for nitric acid of 0.56 cm s⁻¹. The results indicate that indoor exposure to outdoor ammonium nitrate in Central Valley of California are small, and suggest that exposure assessments based on total particle mass measured outdoors may obscure the actual causal relationships for indoor exposure to particles of outdoor origin.     

光纤化学传感器的实验研究

主要研究对象为基于离子选择性中性载体的无机离子化学传感器，采用以吸光度为主要测量信号的分光光度法为主要分析方法。依据该传感器的特征，可使分析光束与被测溶液分开，甚至对不透明的液体作分光光度分析。为此，在离子选择性中性载体PVC膜的响应特征基础上设计并研制一种新型结构的光吸收池，应用前景广阔。     

荧光化学传感器的制备及其在环境分析监测中的应用

随着荧光分析技术和传感技术的发展,荧光化学传感器已经成为一种重要的连续分析测量装置.它具有很高的选择性和灵敏度,可以实现对pH、溶解氧、含氮化合物、有毒害重金属离子、有机污染物进行实时和在线测定,因此在环境分析监测方面具有广泛的应用前景.简要介绍了荧光化学传感器的原理、制备及分类,综述了近年来荧光化学传感器的发展及其在环境分析监测中的最新研究成果,并探讨了荧光化学传感器在环境分析监测领域的应用前景和发展方向.     

污泥膨胀形成机理及控制措施研究现状和进展

污泥膨胀现象在全球污水处理厂普遍存在,已成为制约活性污泥工艺发展的重大难题之一.本文总结了丝状细菌研究现状;重点阐述了当前引起污泥膨胀的主要机理;说明了基于这些机理的选择器控制理论;给出了主要的选择器类型.对当前关于污泥膨胀的研究进展和方向,分别从微生物和数学模型2个方面进行了讨论,最后,提出了一系列亟待解决的问题.     

合流制排水系统溢流污染就地调蓄处理控制技术研究

在对高效混合絮凝斜板沉淀工艺进行现场中试的基础上,将化学强化处理工艺与调蓄池相结合,针对上海市某合流制排水系统,进行调蓄/沉淀池的概念设计,提出主要设计参数,利用计算流体力学(CFD)模型对调蓄/沉淀池进行优化设计.试验和模拟结果表明,调蓄/沉淀池与单纯的调蓄池相比具有更好的溢流污染控制效果和效益/造价比.     

PM2.5 chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, geological material, and coal burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995

PM_2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) chemical source profiles applicable to speciated emissions inventories and receptor model source apportionment are reported for geological material, motor vehicle exhaust, residential coal (RCC) and wood combustion (RWC), forest fires, geothermal hot springs; and coal-fired power generation units from northwestern Colorado during 1995. Fuels and combustion conditions are similar to those of other communities of the inland western US. Coal-fired power station profiles differed substantially between different units using similar coals, with the major difference being lack of selenium in emissions from the only unit that was equipped with a dry limestone sulfur dioxide (SO₂) scrubber. SO₂ abundances relative to fine particle mass emissions in power plant emissions were seven to nine times higher than hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) abundances from geothermal springs, and one to two orders of magnitude higher than SO₂ abundances in RCC emissions, implying that the SO₂ abundance is an important marker for primary particle contributions of non-aged coal-fired power station contributions. The sum of organic and elemental carbon ranged from 1% to 10% of fine particle mass in coal-fired power plant emissions, from 5% to 10% in geological material, >50% in forest fire emissions, >60% in RWC emissions, and >95% in RCC and vehicle exhaust emissions. Water-soluble potassium (K⁺) was most abundant in vegetative burning profiles. K⁺/K ratios ranged from 0.1 in geological material profiles to 0.9 in vegetative burning emissions, confirming previous observations that soluble potassium is a good marker for vegetative burning.     

三峡库区规模化顺坡沟垄果园氮、磷输出过程及流失负荷

通过对三峡库区顺坡垄沟构型的规模化柑橘园集水区次降雨过程径流氮、磷进行动态监测,分析典型降雨事件氮和磷流失负荷,并探讨了规模化柑橘种植对土壤氮磷流失及入库河流水环境的影响.结果表明:①顺坡沟垄柑橘园集水区径流氮和磷年流失负荷分别为13.43 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)和1.26 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),春季施肥及强降雨冲刷是集水区污染物高负荷的主要原因;②集水区全年总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的EMC为8.49 mg·L~(-1)和0.87 mg·L~(-1),超过发生水体富营养化含量标准;③春季施肥后的2场典型降雨中,长历时暴雨径流硝态氮(NN)和溶解态磷(DP)负荷为4.94 kg·hm~(-2)和0.28 kg·hm~(-2),分别占TN和TP流失负荷的92.90%和64.69%;短历时大雨径流NN和DP负荷为0.52 kg·hm~(-2)和0.05 kg·hm~(-2),分别占TN和TP的65.92%和74.88%,溶解态氮和磷是顺坡沟垄坡面果园径流氮和磷流失的主要途径;④集水区氮磷流失表现出显著的"初始冲刷效应",初期20%的地表径流流失了58.0%的TN, 57.0%的DN, 58.5%的NN, 79.0%的AN, 62.0%的TP, 63.5%的DP和60.0%的PP,控制初期地表径流对降低入库径流养分具有重要作用.     

微絮凝对腐殖酸超滤过程膜污染的减缓特性

以硫酸铝[Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O]为絮凝剂,腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)和高岭土(Kaolin)水溶液为原水,研究微絮凝过程产生的不同絮体形态,对自制聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜过滤过程的影响.主要考察了微絮凝过程中絮体的特性(粒径大小及分布,分形维数)以及不同条件下形成的絮体形态对膜通量的影响,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对污染膜的表面形貌进行表征,并测定了PVDF膜与有机污染物之间黏附力大小,来解析不同絮体形态对超滤膜的膜污染影响机制.结果表明,Al~(3+)以电性中和作用水解去除有机物,随着絮凝剂投加量的增加,絮体粒径不断增大,絮体的分形维数减小.膜通量衰减速率与絮体的粒径呈负相关,絮体粒径越大,膜通量衰减速率越小,超滤过程中形成的滤饼层越疏松,同时,较小分形维数的絮体引起的膜污染较轻,其膜通量恢复率也较高.PVDF-有机污染物之间的相互作用力大小与运行初期相应污染膜通量衰减速率呈正相关.当Al~(3+)投加量为5 mg·L~(-1),初始pH=7时,HA去除率为96.7%,膜通量衰减最小,通量恢复率达到88%.     

A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste (DK dataset) was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.     

温度和储存基质对储存后厌氧颗粒污泥特性的影响

温度和储存基质是颗粒污泥储存过程中的重要控制因子.本文选取某IC反应器内典型厌氧颗粒污泥(AGS)为对象,研究了温度和储存基质对储存后AGS理化性质、结构特征和菌群结构的影响.结果显示,常温(20℃)和添加基质可减缓储存过程中AGS粒径下降,维持形状稳定.中温(35℃)利于削减储存液中积累的酪氨酸、色氨酸等芳香性氨基酸,但会增加难降解腐殖酸类物质积累.中温条件适于短期储存(1.5个月)过程中维持颗粒污泥结构稳定,而常温适于长期储存(3个月).不同条件储存后,污泥中的优势菌群在门水平和属水平相似,分别为Chloroflexi、Bacteriodetes、Euryarchaeota、Hyd24-12和Anaerolinea、Bacteroidales、T78、Methanobacterium、Methanosaeta.但功能菌群受温度影响变化显著,常温条件下产甲烷菌群相对丰度下降至2.70%~3.00%,而发酵菌群丰度提高至65.90%~67.40%.中温和基质对污泥菌群结构影响较小.综合而言,常温利于维持AGS理化性能和结构稳定,中温利于维持菌群活性和结构稳定,基质添加利于增强AGS的综合性能,但效果不显著.