生物传感器在环境监测中的应用

介绍了生物传感器在环境监测中的应用 ,主要分析了酶传感器、微生物传感器、免疫传感器及DNA传感器在环境监测中的作用机理及监测方法 ,并针对环境中的杀虫剂、爆炸类物质、有毒污染物及水体中的BOD负荷等的监测进行了较详细的论述 ,对生物传感器的发展方向及前景进行了展望     

生物传感器在环境监测中的应用

介绍了生物传感器在环境监测中的应用，主要分析了酶传感器、微生物传感器、免疫传感器及DNA传感器在环境监测中的作用机理及监测方法，并针对环境中的杀虫剂、爆炸类物质、有毒污染物及水体中的BOD负荷等的监测进行了较详细的论述，对生物传感器的发展方向及前景进行了展望。     

有机磷农药残留检测技术研究进展

综述了近年来有机磷农药残留检测技术的研究进展,其检测方法主要有色谱法、降解酶法、化学发光技术和生物传感技术.详细介绍了几种生物传感器(如酶传感器、微生物传感器、免疫传感器、压电传感器、纳米传感器和液晶型化学传感器)在有机磷农药检测中的应用,并展望了这一领域的发展趋势.     

光纤化学传感器在环境气体/蒸汽分析中的应用

论述了挥发性有机物的含义 ,提出了光纤化学传感器是传感技术的重要分支 ,是正在兴起的研究热点之一。综述了光纤化学传感器在挥发性有机化合物的分析、在其他气体 /蒸汽分析及其他应用与过程的分析方面的应用     

水中有毒污染物多指标快速检测仪器的研究进展

生物传感器正处于高度动态发展,伴随着分子生物学、纳米科学及电子信息技术上的突破不断进步。多指标倏逝波荧光免疫传感器作为多指标快速检测仪器可满足环境样品和食品中农药检测的要求,在环境、临床诊断及食品卫生等领域的应用越来越广泛,该类免疫传感器具有能同时检测多种有毒污染物、相对廉价、检测快速和灵敏度高等优点。综述了其基本原理、仪器构造,全面梳理了研究进展,并提出未来研究方向,为多指标同步检测技术的发展提供参考。     

荧光光谱技术在堆肥腐熟度评价中的应用

高温好氧堆肥是世界各国资源化利用固体有机废弃物最重要的途径之一,堆肥腐熟度是评价堆肥过程及堆肥产品质量的重要尺度.荧光光谱(FS)技术具有诸多优点,目前已广泛应用于不同来源有机质结构特征的研究,其在堆肥腐熟度评价中具有广阔的应用前景.在分析了FS技术的原理及特点的基础上,从发射光谱、激发光谱、同步FS和三维FS方面详实综述了FS技术在有机固体废弃物堆肥物质转化及腐熟度评价中的应用原理及其国内外进展,并对FS技术在堆肥腐熟度评价中存在的问题及发展前景进行了评述.     

环炉技术在硫的状态研究中的应用——S~(2-)、SO_3~(2-)和SO_4~(2-)的测定

环炉技术由于具有设备简单、方法灵敏、结果准确、可靠等优点,已被广泛用于环境污染监测,近年来,国内外开展了不少这方面的工作。由《自然杂志》编辑部编写和出版的1981年自然科学年鉴中指出:“环炉技术在环境分析方面的应用,已达到迅速的发展”。本文应用自制的六孔及九孔环炉分析仪,为样品及标准系列环的同时显色提供了良好的条件,并提高了测试精度,使坏炉技术有可能用于某些热不稳定和光不稳定的化合物测定,缩短了分析时间及周期,有利于推广及使用。作者应用环炉技术,初步进行了硫的不同状态及价态的分析方法的研究。建立了亚硝酰铁氰化钠(Na_2     

植物修复技术在地表水污染控制中的应用

介绍了一项新兴的地表水污染治理技术--植物修复技术.该项技术与传统的物理方法和化学方法相比,具有成本低、处理效果好（去除率可达99%以上）、对环境扰动小、操作简便、在处理设备和处理规模上没有限制等优点.这些优点决定了植物修复技术在地表水污染治理中具有很好的应用前景.综述了国内外植物修复技术的研究进展,并对该项技术的发展趋势进行了探讨.     

环境分析监测的近况与进展

1983年第二次全国环境保护大会的召开,进一步推动了我国环境保护事业,也提高了环境分析和监测在环境科学研究以至整个环境保护工作中的地位,由过去的草创阶段向提高和纵深方向发展。目前全国除各部门以及各大工厂的环境分析与监测力量外,在县级以上都有环境监测站,总数在2000个     

固定化生物技术在废水处理中的应用研究进展

固定化生物技术是通过化学或物理的手段将游离细胞或酶定位于限定的空间区域内 ,使其保持活性并可反复利用。该技术具有生物密度高、反应迅速、生物流失量少、反应控制容易的优点。本文系统介绍了固定化生物技术在水处理中的最新应用情况。并且对固定化生物技术的发展、固定化方法以及固定化生物技术需解决的问题和该技术的应用前景作了阐述     

A scale-up field experiment for the monitoring of a burning process using chemical, audio, and video sensors

Fires are becoming more violent and frequent resulting in major economic losses and long-lasting effects on communities and ecosystems; thus, efficient fire monitoring is becoming a necessity. A novel triple multi-sensor approach was developed for monitoring and studying the burning of dry forest fuel in an open field scheduled experiment; chemical, optical, and acoustical sensors were combined to record the fire spread. The results of this integrated field campaign for real-time monitoring of the fire event are presented and discussed. Chemical analysis, despite its limitations, corresponded to the burning process with a minor time delay. Nevertheless, the evolution profile of CO₂, CO, NO, and O₂ were detected and monitored. The chemical monitoring of smoke components enabled the observing of the different fire phases (flaming, smoldering) based on the emissions identified in each phase. The analysis of fire acoustical signals presented accurate and timely response to the fire event. In the same content, the use of a thermographic camera, for monitoring the biomass burning, was also considerable (both profiles of the intensities of average gray and red component greater than 230) and presented similar promising potentials to audio results. Further work is needed towards integrating sensors signals for automation purposes leading to potential applications in real situations.     

A Cost Model for Air Quality Monitoring Systems

A model was developed for remote terminal use to compare the costs of alternate designs of air quality monitoring networks with varying sophistication, ranging from totally manual to completely automated systems. Of special interest is the isolation of manual sample analysis and manual data analysis for comparison with instrumental sensors and automated data processing.

The model allows for 10 levels of sophistication, and 6 were used in sample runs. As many as 50 samplingsite locations, with three different site types, may be specified, and each site type may have any configuration of chemical and/or meteorological sensors. Amortization, labor rates, instrument costs and lifetimes, telephone line charges, and other variables are readily changed by the user as desired.

It was concluded that for systems with fewer than 20–25 sensors, fully automated systems may not be justified on cost alone, at least for producing the same data (hourly) as the manual or semiautomatic systems. (Much more than hourly data is obtained with the automated system, of course.) For larger systems, labor costs put the nonautomated systems at a disadvantage after a few years of operation.     

Effects of air pollution on monumental buildings in India: An overview

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Recent advancements in environmental monitoring and analysis have created public and institutional awareness on the social and health impacts of air...     

Absorption and fluorescence properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter: implications for the monitoring of water quality in a large subtropical reservoir

The development of techniques for real-time monitoring of water quality is of great importance for effectively managing inland water resources. In this study, we first analyzed the absorption and fluorescence properties in a large subtropical reservoir and then used a chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) fluorescence monitoring sensor to predict several water quality parameters including the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and CDOM fluorescence parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) components in the reservoir. The CDOM absorption coefficient at 254 nm (a(254)), the humic-like component (C1), and the tryptophan-like component (C3) decreased significantly along a gradient from the northwest to the lake center, northeast, southwest, and southeast region in the reservoir. However, no significant spatial difference was found for the tyrosine-like component (C2), which contributed only four marked peaks. A highly significant linear correlation was found between the a(254) and CDOM concentration measured using the CDOM fluorescence sensor (r ²?=?0.865, n?=?76, p?相似文献   

Using optical remote sensing techniques to track the development of ozone-induced stress

In this paper, a literature review about optical remote sensing (RS) of O₃ stress is presented. Studies on O₃-induced effects on vegetation reflectance have been conducted since late ‘70s based on the analysis of optical RS data. Literature review reveals that traditional RS techniques were able to detect changes in leaf and canopy reflectance related to O₃-induced stress when visible symptoms already occurred. Only recently, advanced RS techniques using hyperspectral sensors, demonstrated the feasibility of detecting the stress in its early phase by monitoring excess energy dissipation pathways such as chlorophyll fluorescence and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Steady-state fluorescence (Fs), measured by exploiting the Fraunhofer line depth principle and NPQ related xanthophyll-cycle, estimated through the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) responded to O₃ fumigation before visible symptoms occurred. This opens up new possibilities for the early detection of vegetation O₃ stress by means of hyperspectral RS.     

Recommendations on the use of satellite remote-sensing data for urban air quality

In the last 5 yr, the capabilities of earth-observing satellites and the technological tools to share and use satellite data have advanced sufficiently to consider using satellite imagery in conjunction with ground-based data for urban-scale air quality monitoring. Satellite data can add synoptic and geospatial information to ground-based air quality data and modeling. An assessment of the integrated use of ground-based and satellite data for air quality monitoring, including several short case studies, was conducted. Findings identified current U.S. satellites with potential for air quality applications, with others available internationally and several more to be launched within the next 5 yr; several of these sensors are described in this paper as illustrations. However, use of these data for air quality applications has been hindered by historical lack of collaboration between air quality and satellite scientists, difficulty accessing and understanding new data, limited resources and agency priorities to develop new techniques, ill-defined needs, and poor understanding of the potential and limitations of the data. Specialization in organizations and funding sources has limited the resources for cross-disciplinary projects. To successfully use these new data sets requires increased collaboration between organizations, streamlined access to data, and resources for project implementation.     

Current Technology for Continuous Monitoring of Particulate Emissions

Particulate matter is characterized by its physical and chemical properties. Federal and state emission standards identify two important physical properties, opacity (visible emissions) and particulate mass concentration. In addition, particle size and particle composition are characteristics that play a significant role in the assessment of health effects, visibility, and control strategy. Systems to monitor these particle characteristics are in various stages of development. Opacity monitors have the longest history of commercial availability and of applicability to various source emissions. Particulate mass monitors have a short history as commercially available systems and are under evaluation in various source applications. Particle size monitors are mainly in the advanced prototype development stage undergoing evaluation. Particle composition monitors are in the early stages of development as research prototypes. Real time size monitoring systems will eventually be wedded to real time particle composition analyzers to give a monitoring system for particle size distributions of chemical constituents.     

Recommendations on the Use of Satellite Remote-Sensing Data for Urban Air Quality

Abstract

In the last 5 yr, the capabilities of earth-observing satellites and the technological tools to share and use satellite data have advanced sufficiently to consider using satellite imagery in conjunction with ground-based data for urban-scale air quality monitoring. Satellite data can add synoptic and geospatial information to ground-based air quality data and modeling. An assessment of the integrated use of ground-based and satellite data for air quality monitoring, including several short case studies, was conducted. Findings identified current U.S. satellites with potential for air quality applications, with others available internationally and several more to be launched within the next 5 yr; several of these sensors are described in this paper as illustrations. However, use of these data for air quality applications has been hindered by historical lack of collaboration between air quality and satellite scientists, difficulty accessing and understanding new data, limited resources and agency priorities to develop new techniques, ill-defined needs, and poor understanding of the potential and limitations of the data. Specialization in organizations and funding sources has limited the resources for cross-disciplinary projects. To successfully use these new data sets requires increased collaboration between organizations, streamlined access to data, and resources for project implementation.     

Can coral reefs be monitored from space?

The dramatic bleaching events on the coral reefs recently have enhanced the need for environmental monitoring. Remote sensing is an important constituent for monitoring of reefs, and an invaluable complement to field observations. This paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of present high resolution satellites for mapping and monitoring coral reefs. The sensors with the best spatial and radiometric resolution available today, e.g. IKONOS, can be useful for mapping and monitoring of reefs, but they are too costly for global surveys. However, our coral bleaching studies indicate that massive bleaching could be detected even from satellites with lower resolution, like Landsat, SPOT, and IRS. They could also be useful for coarser, from a spatial and thematic point of view, global mapping and updating purposes. A more detailed monitoring requires both better spatial resolution and spectral resolution than today's sensors. In the future, it is necessary to construct a more reef specific sensor with a few specially selected narrow bands and a good spatial, radiometric and temporal resolution.     

Improved fluorescence peak integration in the Tekran 2537 for applications with sub-optimal sample loadings

The Tekran 2537 is widely used for monitoring atmospheric mercury. Although the instrument was designed for sample volumes in excess of 7.5 L, some recent research applications (e.g. aircraft) have used the instrument with significantly smaller collection times and sample volumes – and therefore smaller Hg loadings per cycle – than for which the instrument was designed. We have noticed a potential for non-linear (low) response in the fluorescence peak integration scheme, and thus the reported concentrations when the Hg loading (per cycle) is less than about 10–15 pg, e.g. at around 1 pg loading, the sensitivity is 25% lower than at 10 pg. We determined that although the atomic fluorescence detector was fundamentally linear down to at least 1 pg, the default peak integration scheme appeared to be optimized for > 10–15 pg cycle^?1 and so could introduce non-linearity in smaller peaks (i.e. lower mass loadings). For research applications where achieving maximum accuracy and precision of individual, high-time resolution (<5 min) points is crucial, users can mitigate this behavior by modifying the integration parameters or recording the full fluorescence peak and processing the data offline. Two offline methods of quantifying the peak also improved the precision and thus suggest an improvement in the detection limit is possible.