基于IAHP的南海深水井喷快速应急技术优选

为支持深水井喷事故救援决策,有必要开展井喷快速应急技术优选。基于区间层次分析法(IAHP)构建了具有4个一级准则和12个二级准则的深水井喷快速应急技术优选模型。首先得到准则层优先级顺序,即在选用井喷应急技术时,一级准则依次考虑控油能力、作业实施速度、设计制造速度、恶劣环境适应能力等因素;二级准则依次考虑装置控油机理、设计速度、安装作业速度、水合物抑制能力等因子。最后面向南海深水井喷风险,根据优选模型与应急技术特征参数,得到方案层的8种应急技术优选顺序,给出的南海深水井喷控制方案可用于应急预案编制及事故现场应急处置。     

关于有机废物类生物质能历史定位及其能源价值评估指标探讨

中国是煤炭消耗的第一大国,同时又是有机废物生物质贮存量第一大国。本文叙述了全球生物质能的历史定位,生物质能的主要评价指标,生物质的能源转换技术和生物质能可供给量模型分析与预测实例,以及我国有机废物类生物质能源化利用途径,并探讨了有机废物的能源利用与废物污染防治相结合的生物质能源发展道路。     

Soil enzymatic activities and microbial community structure with di erent application rates of Cd and Pb

This study focused on the changes of soil microbial diversity and potential inhibitory effects of heavy metals on soil enzymatic activities at different application rates of Cd andor Pb. The soil used for experiments was collected from Beijing and classified as endoaquepts. Pots containing 500 g of the soil with different Cd andor Pb application rates were incubated for a period of 0, 2, 9, 12 weeks in a glasshouse and the soil samples were analyzed for individual enzymes, including catalase, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase, and the changes of microbial community structure. Results showed that heavy metals slightly inhibited the enzymatic activities in all the samples spiked with heavy metals. The extent of inhibition increased significantly with increasing level of heavy metals, and varied with the incubation periods. The soil bacterial community structure, as determined by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis techniques, was different in the contaminated samples as compared to the control. The highest community change was observed in the samples amended with high level of Cd. Positive correlations were observed among the three enzymatic activities, but negative correlations were found between the amounts of the heavy metals and the enzymatic activities.     

Estimates of soil erosion using cesium-137 tracer models

The soil erosion was studied by ¹³⁷Cs technique in Yatagan basin in Western Turkey, where there exist intensive agricultural activities. This region is subject to serious soil loss problems and yet there is not any erosion data towards soil management and control guidelines. During the soil survey studies, the soil profiles were examined carefully to select the reference points. The soil samples were collected from the slope facets in three different study areas (Kırtas, Peynirli and Kayısalan Hills). Three different models were applied for erosion rate calculations in undisturbed and cultivated sites. The profile distribution model (PDM) was used for undisturbed soils, while proportional model (PM) and simplified mass balance model (SMBM) were used for cultivated soils. The mean annual erosion rates found using PDM in undisturbed soils were 15 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ at the Peynirli Hill and 27 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ at the Kırtas Hill. With the PM and SMBM in cultivated soils at Kayışalan, the mean annual erosion rates were obtained to be 65 and 116 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. The results of ¹³⁷Cs technique were compared with the results of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE).     

事故调查分析方法与技术述评

根据事故的原因结果模型、过程模型、能量模型、逻辑树模型、SHE管理模型将事故调查分析技术方法归纳为5大类,介绍了广泛使用的事故调查分析技术方法的特点,并按一定的标准进行分析和比较。分析表明:每种方法都有其不同的应用领域和优缺点,应针对不同领域问题选用合适的分析方法,多种调查技术组合分析适用于复杂事故的调查;考虑事件次序及其影响因素的调查方法,便于提出预防事故再次发生和减少风险的建议,图表阐述有利于鉴别信息缺陷,并使调查组之间的沟通有力;笔者在调查过程中注重于非正常分析方法得出的结果,宜采用更为先进的事故分析技术方法以保证事故调查的客观性。     

微生物固定化技术与污水处理

简要介绍了几种常用微生物固定化方法,重点讨论了微生物固定化技术在污水处理方面的应用,并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

Electrokinetic remediation of organochlorines in soil: enhancement techniques and integration with other remediation technologies

Electrokinetic remediation has been increasingly used in soils and other matrices for numerous contaminants such as inorganic, organic, radionuclides, explosives and their mixtures. Several strategies were tested to improve this technology effectiveness, namely techniques to solubilize contaminants, control soil pH and also couple electrokinetics with other remediation technologies. This review focus in the experimental work carried out in organochlorines soil electroremediation, aiming to systemize useful information to researchers in this field. It is not possible to clearly state what technique is the best, since experimental approaches and targeted contaminants are different. Further research is needed in the application of some of the reviewed techniques. Also a number of technical and environmental issues will require evaluation for full-scale application. Removal efficiencies reported in real contaminated soils are much lower than the ones obtained with spiked kaolinite, showing the influence of other factors like aging of the contamination and adsorption to soil particles, resulting in important challenges when transferring technologies into the field.     

电化学技术在环境保护中的应用

电化学技术由于其自身的特性和优点,在环境保护方面发挥着重要作用.主要对电化学技术处理环境污染物的基本方法和环境检测等方面的应用进行探讨和研究.     

基于本质安全的化学工艺风险评价方法研究

基于本质安全原理对化学工艺进行风险评价，以易燃性、易爆性、毒性、腐蚀性、反应热、化学活性、工艺温度、工艺压力和存储量9个指标，建立化学工艺的本质安全评价指标体系。采用基于遗传算法的Shepard插值算法对本质安全进行评价，以甲基丙烯酸甲酯的合成工艺路线为例进行分析，结果表明该方法适用于化学工艺本质安全评价，相对传统方法更加科学，能够有效对危险工艺进行选择，为政府监管部门和化工企业提供工艺选择决策技术。     

小型污水处理工艺及其应用前景

小型污水处理设施作为投资省见效快的方法对我国今后污水厂建设具有重要指导意义，需要各级主管部门和广大专业人员更多的关注，本文探讨了小型污水处理工艺的类型及其应用，并对我国小型污水处理厂的建设谈了几点看法。