渗灌——设施园艺先进的节水灌溉技术

渗灌具有降低室内湿度、改善土壤环境、节约灌溉用水、减少肥料用量、省工省时、价格适中等优点,是目前设施园艺先进的节水灌溉技术。详细介绍了渗灌系统的结构,渗灌管的种类以及使用维护方法。     

Marine litter in coral reef areas along the Jordan Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea

Composition and abundance of submerged marine litter at six selected sites within a coral reef area along the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba have been estimated. The litter was collected in clean up voluntary campaigns that took place in the period between 25 August 2003 and 29 February 2004. A total of 10,506 items weighing 1159 kg were collected during the survey. Mean litter density in the individual sampling sites varied between 1 and 6 items/m(2) with an overall mean density of 2.8 items/m(2). The mean weight of the collected items per sampling site varied between 0.06 and 1.06 kg/m(2) with an overall mean of 0.31 kg/m(2). Plastic accounted for 42% of the collected items, fishing gear was the second most abundant (31%) while metal was the third most abundant item (17%). By comparison, cardboard constituted 1%, and rubber and other items accounted for less than 1% of the total items collected during the campaigns. Approximately 61% of the plastics consisted of bags followed by bottles (24%), plastic containers and sheets accounted for 13 and 2%, respectively. Statistical analysis indicates no significant differences between the sites in terms of litter count and weight. Potential sources are pointed out and recommendations and actions to address the problem are suggested.     

城市地表污染物累积和降雨径流冲刷过程研究进展

城市地表污染物是城市降雨径流污染的主要来源,其累积和降雨冲刷过程分别是沉降-悬浮-再沉降以及悬浮-沉淀-再悬浮的动态过程。描述累积过程的模型主要有线性、指数、对数等形式,其中以指数及一些变形形式发展相对成熟并得到了广泛的应用。这些模型都将雨前干期天数（ADWP）作为主要的影响因子。而描述冲刷过程的模型主要基于一级反应动力学假设,这类模型已被人们广泛接受。为使冲刷模型更接近实际,人们进一步在其中引入了雨天排污因素,并取得较好的成效。虽然城市地表径流的研究取得了较大的进步,但是目前的模型基本属于经验型或基于大量监测数据的统计学模型,尚缺对污染物输移过程的机理性描述。因此,从城市地表污染物输移过程的机理出发,建立城市地表污染物累积和降雨冲刷过程的物理模型是今后城市降雨径流污染研究工作中一个亟待解决的问题.     

湖南古村落的物质安全防御研究

基于湖南现存的一些古村落,从物质安全防御角度出发,对古村落在基地选址、整体布局、空间形态等方面所采用的安全防御进行研究。通过分析湖南当地居民的主要物质防御手段即利用山水作为村落的自然屏障、团结所有村民进行集群防御与在村落内部层层设防等方法,指出湖南古村落物质防御的有效性和科学性对当今社会安居工程建设具有借鉴意义。     

滤料粒径对给水曝气生物滤池运行稳定性的影响

利用给水曝气生物滤池(UBAF)处理刘屋洲水源水,考察了不同陶粒粒径对氨氮、高锰酸盐指数的去除效果以及水头损失变化的影响。结果表明,陶粒3～5 mm的UBAF对氨氮、高锰酸盐指数的去除效果较高,但是其水头损失较大,且反冲洗前后水头损失变化偏大,不利于UBAF稳定运行。陶粒6～10 mm的UBAF运行状况良好,氨氮的去除率为73.8%,高锰酸盐指数的去除率为18.6%,滤池24 h过滤水头损失<0.4 m,反冲洗前后过滤水头损失变化量<5 cm。其出水氨氮和高锰酸盐指数均达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006),滤池的水头损失小,反冲洗前后也变化甚微。进一步的实验表明陶粒破碎会导致滤料粒径级配变化,使得水头损失增加。     

Monitoring of pesticide residues in a cotton crop soil

Abstract

This paper reports on the residues of methyl parathion (O,O‐dimethyl O‐4‐nitrophenyl phosphorothioate), trifluralin (α, α, α‐trifluoro‐2, 6‐dinitro‐N, N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine), endosulfan [(1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7‐hexachloro‐8, 9, 10‐trinorborn‐5‐en‐2, 3‐ylenebismethylene) sulfite] and dimethoate (O, O‐dimethyl S‐methylcarbamoylmethyl phosphorodithioate) in a cotton crop soil. Soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected at different periods from the cotton crop farm and subjected to Soxhlet extraction. The extracted material was analysed after clean‐up by a HP5890 II gas Chromatograph equipped with a ⁶³Ni electron‐capture detector (ECD‐⁶³Ni) and fitted with a 25m x 0,2mm i.d. fused silica capillary column [Ultra‐2 (5% phenylmethyl polysiloxane)]. The recoveries of the pesticide residues from the spiked control soil were determined after Soxhlet extraction and C₁₈ cartridges clean‐up by using radiotracer techniques with the corresponding ¹⁴C‐pesticides. The results show that in the cotton crop soil the pesticide residues under study were present in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 mg ? kg^‐1. Endosulfan was found to be rapidly degraded in the soil and formed a sulfate metabolite.     

生态补水对艾里克湖环境变化的重要意义

以艾里克湖为主要研究对象,论述了艾里克湖生态补水前后区域生态环境演变,并对生态补水产生的生态环境效益及社会经济效益进行分析。说明干旱区水资源的开发利用一定要优先保护生态环境。     

抗坏血酸溶液配制方法的改进

磷钼蓝法测定水中总磷,所用的抗坏血酸溶液很不稳定,只能保存数周。为延长抗坏血酸溶液的有效使用时间,节约试剂、提高工作效率,提出改进抗坏血酸溶液的配制方法,即在配制抗坏血酸溶液时,加入适量的EDTA和冰乙酸。经实验,该溶液贮于棕色玻璃瓶,放在冰箱中可稳定3个月,使用效果符合测定要求。     

江苏省国家重点监控企业不达标原因及对策

统计了2014年以来江苏省国控企业不达标情况。从企业和环境保护部门两方面对国控企业不达标原因进行了分析。指出,企业应承担起污染治理的主体责任,健全企业环境保护制度;加强污染治理技术的研发及提高运维管理队伍的专业化水平,以适应新环保法的要求;环境监管部门强化执法宣传及违法行为的查处力度,让企业主动守法;加强国控企业环境信息的公开及宣传力度,形成良好的社会公众监督氛围;省级人民政府应积极落实国家生态文明建设的总规划,开启新的里程碑。     

The effect of spindle speed,feed-rate and machining time to the surface roughness and burr formation of Aluminum Alloy 1100 in micro-milling operation

This paper describes the characteristics and the cutting parameters performance of spindle speeds (n, rpm) and feed-rates (f, mm/s) during three interval ranges of machining times (t, minutes) with respect to the surface roughness and burr formation, by using a miniaturized micro-milling machine. Flat end-mill tools that have two-flutes, made of solid carbide with Mega-T coated, with 0.2 mm in diameter were used to cut Aluminum Alloy AA1100. The causal relationship among spindle speeds, feed-rates, and machining times toward the surface roughness was analyzed using a statistical method ANOVA. It is found that the feed-rate (f) and machining time (t) contribute significantly to the surface roughness. Lower feed-rate would produce better surface roughness. However, when machining time is transformed into total cut length, it is known that a higher feed-rate, that consequently giving more productive machining since produce more cut length, would not degrade surface quality and tool life significantly. Burr occurrence on machined work pieces was analyzed using SEM. The average sizes of top burr for each cutting parameter selection were analyzed to find the relation between the cutting parameters and burr formation. In this research, bottom burr was found. It is formed in a longer machining time compare the formation of top burr, entrance burr and exit burr. Burr formation is significantly affected by the tool condition, which is degrading during the machining process. This knowledge of appropriate cutting parameter selection and actual tool condition would be an important consideration when planning a micro-milling process to produce a product with minimum burr.