川中丘陵区村级景观土壤有机碳密度和储量分析

本文综合运用了地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感(RS)和全球卫星定位系统(GPS)等技术手段,分析了人口密集的川中丘陵乡村区域土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)和储量(SOCS)的空间分布及影响因素。结果表明,区域内SOCD和SOCS平均值分别为5.58kg/m2和75.77×105g,SOCD随丘体高度的降低向四周逐渐增大,SOCS主要分布于旱地、水田等土地利用类型中。0~30cm土层和土体深度内,SOCD以冬水田最高,裸岩最低;SOCS则以丘脚旱地和轮作水田最高,裸岩最低。地形、土地利用和土地覆盖对SOCD、SOCS影响明显。     

环境物探技术在岩溶勘察中的应用及其效果

将高密度电阻率法及工程地震映像法两种环境物探技术同时应用于实际的地质灾害(岩溶)勘察中,结果表明:对于岩溶这样的地质灾害,单一环境物探技术虽然能清楚反映其埋深、规模和发育情况,但各有缺陷。而多种环境物探技术的综合使用,相互补充,将能大大提高岩溶勘察的准确性,提高勘察效果和效率。     

复合无机防火涂料优配研究

以市售无机膨胀型AB牌防火涂料为研究基础,复合了膨胀阻燃剂(APP-MEL-PER阻燃体系)、抑烟剂和助剂,进行了新型防火涂料的制备,当膨胀阻燃体系(APP-MEL-PER阻燃体系)以17∶6∶6的配比混合于该涂料中,其所占质量百分比为19%的时,防火性能最好。测试表明,该新型防火涂料烟密度等级6.77,指数下降了10,接近于国家标准1级。在248℃~400℃期间失重仅为12%,在390℃,有强烈的吸收峰,也表现了优异的阻燃性能。实现了APP-MEL-PER膨胀阻燃剂和AB牌涂料优配的目的。     

A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING SNOWFALL AMOUNTS1

ABSTRACT: Long-term climatic data from National Weather Service stations in six areas of the United States were utilized to develop regression equations relating a “snowfall index” parameter and air temperature. Nearly 200 stations, representing a wide range in physiographic and climatic conditions, were selected for analysis. Snowfall index is defined as the ratio of snowfall depth to precipitation. Using annual data, regression analysis indicated snowfall index to be significantly (α= 0.01) related to temperature for five of the six areas studied. Differences between equations were attributed to the effects of precipitation and temperature during non-snowfall periods. Mean monthly data were also considered and significant equations (α= 0.011, representing a family of similarly shaped curves, were obtained. The illustrated equations can be used for estimating mean monthly and annual snowfall amounts for stations having only temperature and precipitation measurements.     

GAGE DENSITY AND LOCATION FOR ESTIMATING MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS1

ABSTRACT: Data from a network of 45 shielded precipitation gages on the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in Southwestern Idaho were analyzed to determine the optimum gage density for estimating mean annual precipitation. Four subsets of the 45 gage network were used to derive a curve of mean annual precipitation versus number of gages with a confidence band at the 95 percent level. When less than 20 gages were used in the estimate, the confidence interval widens rapidly. Estimates were improved by stratifying gages on the basis of plant cover class or by elevation bands. Sixty-four percent of the variation in mean annual precipitation was accounted for by elevation and cover class. The aspect and hydrologic soil classification were not statistically significant.     

Impact of Sea Level Rise on Groundwater Salinity in a Coastal Community of South Florida1

Guha, Hillol and Sorab Panday, 2012. Impact of Sea Level Rise on Groundwater Salinity in a Coastal Community of South Florida. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 510-529. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00630.x Abstract: Freshwater resources of coastal communities in the United States and world over are threatened by the rate of sea level rise. According to recent estimates by various governmental agencies and climate researchers, the global sea level rise is likely to be between 0.6 and 2.1 m by the year 2100. South Florida is a coastal community and much of its coastline is subject to sea level rise and potential impacts to wetlands and the water resources of the area. To understand what the impact of sea level rise would cause to the groundwater level and salinity intrusion, an integrated groundwater and surface water model was developed for North Miami-Dade and Broward Counties of South Florida. The model was calibrated against daily groundwater heads, base flows in canals, and chloride concentrations for a period of one year and six months. Three separate sensitivity analyses were conducted by increasing the sea level by 0.6, 0.9, and 1.22 m. Results of the simulations shows increase of groundwater heads in some areas from 4 to 15%; whereas the average relative chloride concentrations increased significantly by 100-600% in some wells. The increase in groundwater elevations and chloride concentrations varies from location of the wells and its proximity to the coast. The model results indicate that even a 0.6 m increase in sea level (which is the conservative estimate) is likely to impair the vital freshwater resources in many parts of South Florida.     

基于网格划分的宜兴市区滨水区可达性评价

城市滨水区可达性不仅仅是空间距离的阻隔，还包括人们对滨水空间的需求及滨水区自身对公众的吸引力。依据潜能模型的概念，选取人口密度、滨水区综合质量和以土地利用表达的交通作为评价因子，借助ArcGIS93软件，建立了基于网格划分的滨水区可达性计算模型。该模型通过对研究区域进行等距网格划分以及定量计算网格内的人口密度、最小阻力成本和滨水区综合质量来进行滨水区可达性的定量评价。运用该模型评价了宜兴市中心城区居民至各滨水区的可达性水平，发现各滨水区平均可达性水平存在明显差异，最高的是团氿，最低的是蠡河；对每个滨水区而言，可达性从空间上均呈现出以滨水区为中心由内向外递减的趋势。评价结果可为城市滨水区合理建设格局的制定和居民享用滨水区的公平性提供决策参考     

前沿技术进步、技术效率和区域经济差距

采用1998-2009年中国30个省市的人均GDP与当年全国人均GDP的差值作为区域经济差距指标,运用核密度估计方法观察了我国区域经济差距的变动状况。从核密度图可知,我国区域经济呈现出收敛的态势;通过随机前沿模型从全要素生产率中分解出前沿技术进步和技术效率,利用1998-2009年28个省市的面板数据,检验了全要素生产率对区域经济差距的影响。实证结果显示,前沿技术进步能够显著的缩小区域经济差距,其中对于东部地区的效果较为显著,技术效率则能够扩大东部地区的经济差距,对于中部和西部地区的影响不显著。政策含义是缩小东部地区经济差距的主要途径是加大对科技创新领域的投入,加强对欠发达地区的技术支持;对于中部地区和西部地区而言,则应该是加大市场化水平、对外开放水平和地方支出比重。     

Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis with Bird Populations as Habitat-Specific Environmental Indicators: Evidence from Canada

Abstract:  The traditional environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis postulates that environmental degradation follows an inverted U-shaped relationship with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. We tested the EKC hypothesis with bird populations in 5 different habitats as environmental quality indicators. Because birds are considered environmental goods, for them the EKC hypothesis would instead be associated with a U-shaped relationship between bird populations and GDP per capita. In keeping with the literature, we included other variables in the analysis—namely, human population density and time index variables (the latter variable captured the impact of persistent and exogenous climate and/or policy changes on bird populations over time). Using data from 9 Canadian provinces gathered over 37 years, we used a generalized least-squares regression for each bird habitat type, which accounted for the panel structure of the data, the cross-sectional dependence across provinces in the residuals, heteroskedasticity, and fixed- or random-effect specifications of the models. We found evidence that supports the EKC hypothesis for 3 of the 5 bird population habitat types. In addition, the relationship between human population density and the different bird populations varied, which emphasizes the complex nature of the impact that human populations have on the environment. The relationship between the time-index variable and the different bird populations also varied, which indicates there are other persistent and significant influences on bird populations over time. Overall our EKC results were consistent with those found for threatened bird species, indicating that economic prosperity does indeed act to benefit some bird populations.     

吸收液pH值对锌合金白烟处理效果的影响

为了治理同时含有气态和粒状污染物的锌合金白烟,采用填料塔对其进行洗涤和吸收,考察了吸收液的pH值以及喷淋密度对锌合金白烟处理效果的影响,并根据碱洗和酸洗的特点,考察了碱酸两级处理的效果.结果显示,吸收液的喷淋密度与氯化铵烟尘、氯化氢和氨的处理效率成正比.吸收液的pH值也会影响白烟的处理效果,主要是通过吸收液与污染物之间的化学反应来进行,碱洗时氯化铵烟尘和氯化氢获得了较高的处理效率,但碱洗过程有氨生成,限制其应用;酸洗对氨的处理效率较高,但氯化铵烟尘和氯化氢的处理效率都比较低,达不到国家排放标准.尽管对锌白烟的处理效果还不理想,但试验结果对于锌白烟的治理具有重要的参考价值和指导意义.