毛细管柱气相色谱法测定水质五氯酚

用乙酸酐衍生，正己烷液一液萃取，毛细管柱气相色谱-电子捕获检测器对地表水、废水中五氯酚进行了测定，确定五氯酚浓度范围在5．0—500μg/L之间时，样品的测定精度、回收率及方法检出限均能满足要求。     

The radioactivity measurements in soils and fertilizers using gamma spectrometry technique

Because of their mineral content, soils are naturally radioactive and one of the sources of radioactivity other than those of natural origin is mainly due to the extensive use of fertilizers. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the fluxes of natural radionuclides in local production of phosphate fertilizers to determine the content of radioactivity in several commercial fertilizers produced in Algeria and to estimate their radiological impact in a cultivated soil even for the long-term exposure due to their application.For these purposes, virgin and fertilized soils were collected from outlying Setif region in Algeria and from phosphate fertilizers used in this area.Gamma spectrometry was exploited to determine activity concentration due to naturally occurring ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in five types of samples (two different sorts of fertilizers, virgin and fertilized soils and well water used for irrigation) taken from Setif’s areas.The results show that these radionuclides were present in an average concentration of 134.7 ± 24.1, 131.8 ± 16.7, 11644 ± 550 Bq/kg for the first fertilizer NPK and 190.3 ± 30, 117.2 ± 10.3, 5312 ± 249 Bq/kg for the second fertilizer (NPKs). For the virgin and the fertilized soils, the corresponding values were respectively 47.01 ± 7.3, 33 ± 7, 329.4 ± 19.7 Bq/kg and 53.2 ± 10.6, 50.0 ± 7, 311.4 ± 18.7 Bq/kg. For well water, the values were 1.93 and 0.12 Bq/kg; however the third value was below the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA).The radium equivalent activity (Raeq) and the representative level index I_γr for all samples were also calculated. The data were discussed and compared with those given in the literature.     

Diagnosis of dissolved organic matter removal by GAC treatment in biologically treated papermill effluents using advanced organic characterisation techniques

Granular activated carbon (GAC) exhaustion rates on pulp and paper effluent from South East Australia were found to be a factor of three higher (3.62 cf. 1.47 kg m⁻³) on Kraft mills compared to mills using Thermomechanical pulping supplemented by Recycled Fibre (TMP/RCF). Biological waste treatment at both mills resulted in a final effluent COD of 240 mg L⁻¹. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was only 1.2 times higher in the Kraft effluent (70 vs. 58 mg L⁻¹), however, GAC treatment of Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent was largely different on the DOC persisted after biological treatment. The molecular mass (636 vs. 534 g mol⁻¹) and aromaticity (5.35 vs. 4.67 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹) of humic substances (HS) were slightly higher in the Kraft effluent. The HS aromaticity was decreased by a factor of 1.0 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹ in both Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent. The molecular mass of the Kraft effluent increased by 50 g mol⁻¹ while the molecular mass of the TMP/RCF effluent was essentially unchanged after GAC treatment; the DOC removal efficiency of the GAC on Kraft effluent was biased towards the low molecular weight humic compounds. The rapid adsorption of this fraction, coupled with the slightly higher aromaticity of the humic components resulted in early breakthrough on the Kraft effluent. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analysis of the each GAC treated effluent indicated that the refractory components were higher molecular weight humics on the Kraft effluent and protein-like compounds on the TMP/RCF effluent. Although the GAC exhaustion rates are too high for an effective DOC removal option for biologically treated pulp and paper mill effluents, the study indicates that advanced organic characterisation techniques can be used to diagnose GAC performance on complex effluents with comparable bulk DOC and COD loads.     

Multi-group approximation, scattering and calibration coefficients, uncertainty estimates and detection limits of a NaI(Tl)-based gamma spectrometry set-up for low-level activity analysis

This paper describes a quantitative radioactivity analysis method especially suitable for environmental samples with low-level activity. The method, consisting of a multi-group approximation based on total absorption and Compton spectra of gamma rays, is coherently formalized and a computer algorithm thereof designed to analyze low-level activity NaI(Tl) gamma ray spectra of environmental samples. Milk powder from 1988 was used as the example case. Included is a special analysis on the uncertainty estimation. Gamma sensitiveness is defined and numerically evaluated. The results reproduced the calibration data well, attesting to the reliability of the method. The special analysis shows that the uncertainty of the assessed activity is tied to that of the calibration activity data. More than 77% of measured 1461-keV photons of ⁴⁰K were counted in the range of clearly lower energies. Pile-up of single line photons (¹³⁷Cs) looks negligible compared to that of a two-line cascade (¹³⁴Cs). The detection limit varies with radionuclide and spectrum region and is related to the gamma sensitiveness of the detection system. The best detection limit always lies in a spectrum region holding a line of the radionuclide and the highest sensitiveness. The most radioactive milk powder sample showed a activity concentration of 21 ± 1 Bq g⁻¹for ¹³⁷Cs, 323 ± 13 Bq g⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K and no ¹³⁴Cs.     

Indoor and outdoor Radon concentration measurements in Sivas, Turkey, in comparison with geological setting

Indoor and soil gas Radon (²²²Rn) concentration measurements were accomplished in two stages in Sivas, a central eastern city in Turkey. In the first stage, CR-39 passive nuclear track detectors supplied by the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEA) were placed in the selected houses throughout Sivas centrum in two seasons; summer and winter. Before the setup of detectors, a detailed questionnaire form was distributed to the inhabitants of selected houses to investigate construction parameters and properties of the houses, and living conditions of inhabitants. Detectors were collected back two months later and analysed at TAEA laboratories to obtain indoor ²²²Rn gas concentration values. In the second stage, soil gas ²²²Rn measurements were performed using an alphameter near the selected houses for the indoor measurements. Although ²²²Rn concentrations in Sivas were quite low in relation with the allowable limits, they are higher than the average of Turkey. Indoor and soil gas ²²²Rn concentration distribution maps were prepared seperately and these maps were applied onto the surface geological map. In this way, both surveys were correlated with the each other and they were interpreted in comparison with the answers of questionnaire and the geological setting of the Sivas centrum and the vicinity.     

固相膜萃取-高效液相色谱法测定地下水中的多环芳烃

采用C18固相膜萃取对地下水中15种多环芳烃进行富集净化，以二氯甲烷作洗脱溶剂，高效液相色谱法，荧光检测器测定。对萃取、浓缩和色谱条件进行优化，在1．ooixg／L～40．0μg／L范围内测定标准系列溶液并绘制标准曲线，相关系数R2〉0．999；15种多环芳烃的仪器检出限为0．4ng／L～3．0ng／L；对地下水样品加标，平均回收率在75．7％～96．7％之间；标准溶液平行测定7次的RSD为3．1％～11．9％。     

酸雨胁迫对白兰花(Michelia alba DC．)抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响

本文以长势良好且树龄相同的木兰科植物白兰花(Michelia alba.DC)为实验材料,采用盆栽方式,用模拟酸雨的处理方法,研究了其在模拟酸雨胁迫下的抗氧化酶系统和丙二醛(MDA)的变化规律。结果表明,pH2.0酸雨比pH3.0和pH4.0对白兰花的影响更大,到第六次喷施酸雨时,SOD、POD、CAT酶活性均低于对照;各处理MDA含量在第六次处理时达到最高值,且均与对照呈显著性差异(P0.05)。说明酸雨胁迫对白兰花的影响较大,白兰花在酸雨胁迫下抗逆性和耐受性较弱,其结果为酸雨控制区选择城市绿化植物提供重要的现实意义。     

Seasonal variation of organochlorine contaminants in bonito (Sarda sarda L. 1758) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L. 1758) in Black Sea region, Turkey

The concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides were determined in bonito (Sardasarda L. 1758) and anchovy (Engraulisencrasicolus L. 1758) from the Black Sea, Turkey. Concentrations of total indicator PCBs ranged between <1-17.0 in bonito, and <1-17.5 ng/g fresh weight in anchovy, and total of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-chlorophenyl-ethane and its metabolites’ (DDTs) concentrations ranged between 13.4-26.3, and 2.96-19.0 ng/g fresh weight in bonito and anchovy respectively. PCB 52, p,p′-DDE and endosulfan (α + β) were found dominant in both of the fish species. Except endosulfan, and some DDT metabolites, none of the studied organochlorine pesticides was detected in the fish samples. Concentrations of PCBs in anchovy were found higher than those in bonito, whereas DDT and endosulfan concentrations were found similar in both of the fish species. All of the fish samples had residue concentrations below the maximum residue limits (MRL) recommended by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission.     

气体快速定性技术在气态污染物突发性污染事故应急监测中的应用

介绍气体快速定性技术在气态污染物突发性污染事故应急监测中的应用.使用北川式无机气体定性检测管、有机气体定性检测管进行事故现场气体快速检测,简述上述检测管的使用技术及检测人员在事故现场应采取的防护措施.     

高速列车ATP控车模式的形式化模型与安全性分析

通过评述当前高速列车的发展现状和趋势,结合我国与欧洲在高速列车应用与相关技术研发方面的差距;对ATP控车模式进行分析,并提出采用时段演算针对实时、连续系统的形式化描述工具;根据时段演算的基本符号、公理、定理和推导规则,建立基于时段演算的ATP控车模式形式化模型;通过对模型的推演,对ATP控车模式进行初步安全性分析,发现ATP控车模式下对安全运行发挥主要作用的几个关键环节,特别是确保列车安全行驶,ATP控车与人工控制在转换时应满足的若干时间约束。研究的成果,为设计安全、可靠的ATP系统提供新的理论和分析手段。