Effects of different Ca2+ behavior patterns in the electric field on membrane fouling formation and removal of trace organic compounds

The effects of Ca²⁺ on membrane fouling and trace organic compounds (TrOCs) removal in an electric field-assisted microfiltration system were investigated in the presence of Na⁺ alone for comparison. In the electric field, negatively charged bovine serum albumin (BSA) migrated towards the anode far away from the membrane surface, resulting in a 42.9% transmembrane pressure (TMP) reduction in the presence of Na⁺ at 1.5 V. In contrast, because of the stronger charge shielding of Ca²⁺, the electrophoretic migration of BSA was limited and led to a neglectable effect of the electric field (1.5 V) on membrane fouling. However, under 3 V applied voltage, the synergistic effects of electrochemical oxidation and bridging interaction between Ca²⁺ and BSA promoted the formation of denser settleable flocs and a thinner porous cake layer, which alleviated membrane fouling with a 64.5% decrease in TMP and nearly 100% BSA removal. The TrOCs elimination increased with voltage and reached 29.4%–80.4% at 3 V. The electric field could prolong the contact between TrOCs and strong oxidants generated on the anode, which enhanced the TrOCs removal. However, a stronger charge shielding ability of Ca²⁺ weakened the electric field force and thus lowered the TrOCs removal.     

一种用于电力通信的自适应Adhoc协议

针对电网通信的智能化监测应用需要,提出了一种用于电力通信的Adhoc自适应预约按需传输多址接入协议,该协议在接入阶段可以根据业务量动态调整接入策略;在传输阶段可以无冲突的发送分组.针对该协议的吞吐量和平均时延性能进行了仿真分析.分析结果表明：协议能提高信道利用率、降低接入时延,可用于现代电力通信网络,以上研究结果对Adhoe在电力通信的工程中应用有较好参考意义.     

220kV输电线路导线不同排列方式下电磁环境影响分析

从220 kV高压架空输电线路工程的导线不同排列方式入手,分析不同导线排列方式下输电线路产生的电磁环境影响,通过对相同电压等级的同塔四回路输电线在导线水平排列和垂直排列两种方式下对周围电磁环境影响的比较分析,探讨此两种导线排列方式对周围环境的影响程度。同时,通过预测输电线路在导线相同排列方式下不同相序布置时对周围环境的影响,对今后的高压输电线路架线方式从减小环境影响角度考虑提出建议。     

循环流化床锅炉环保技术

介绍了CFB锅炉脱硫、除尘、降低NOx排放的技术特点与效率。     

对斩波调速窄轨电机车失控的探讨

分析了晶闸管斩波调速窄轨电机车失控原因,对产生失控的机理进行了探讨,提出了新的失控保护设计依据。     

选矿浮选电机烧坏原因分析

分析了浮选电机烧坏的原因,提出了防止电机烧坏的措施。     

基于热像技术的电力变压器热故障的诊断方法

提出了一种基于变压器表面的红外热像对变压器热故障进行在线诊断的方法.根据变压器的表面温度、结构参数、物性参数和环境温度通过建立其传热模型,对变压器内部热故障温度进行反演计算,并与DGA诊断结果进行比较,证明了该方法的可行性,实现了变压器热故障的非接触、在线诊断.     

Electrostatic spark ignition of sensitive dust clouds of MIE<1 mJ

Accidental electrostatic sparks in industrial plant producing/handling powders/dusts occur whenever a non-earthed electrically conducting object has been charged tribo-electrically to a high voltage and suddenly discharges its energy to earth via an air gap of appropriate length. When assessing the electrostatic spark ignition hazard in an industrial plant, the parameters of prime concern are the capacitances C of electrically conducting plant items that may become charged tribo-electrically, the voltages U to which they may become charged, and the minimum electric spark ignition energies (MIE) of the dust clouds of concern. Whenever , there is a possibility of accidental electrostatic spark ignition.

Current standard apparatuses for determining MIE of dust clouds have a lower spark energy limit of 2–3 mJ. In an investigation by the present authors, discussed in detail elsewhere, a new spark generator capable of producing synchronized capacitive sparks of energies down to the order of 0.01 mJ was developed and used for testing a selection of ignition-sensitive powders for MIE. Several of the MIEs found were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than the lower energy limit of current standard test apparatus. Other experiments by the present authors, also reported elsewhere, have shown that quite low MIEs can be found for some dusts even with a less optimal synchronization mechanism, which may occur accidentally in practice.

The main object of the present paper is to discuss possible practical concerns arising from the finding that clouds in air of some dusts can have very low MIEs. In such cases, one may have to pay attention to even minor C values, i.e. minor plant items. Alternatively, with larger C values, even quite low voltages may give rise to hazardous spark discharges.

However, some types of fine metal powders of low MIEs will quite readily form electrically conductive layers on the solid surfaces with which they make contact. Hence, electrostatic spark ignition inside process equipment containing such dusts may be less probable than in the case of process equipment containing non-conducting dusts of correspondingly low MIEs.

There may be a need for a new standard test method for determination of MIEs of dust clouds in the <1 mJ range.     

电力系统地震易损性研究

采用专家咨询方法研究了我国电力系统设施及功能的地震易损性,详细论述了所使用的方法及其步骤,给出了设施易损性和功能易损性的调查结果。数据的统计处理表明,这些结果可以用Logistic曲线得到很好的拟合。地震烈度的临界点出现在Ⅸ度与X度之间。本文的结果不但具有理论价值,而且具有应用价值。     

论建筑施工用电工程的防触电保护系统

结合建筑工程施工现场实际，从安全、可靠性和经济、合理性诸方面对三相四线制低压电力系统的各种接地、接零保护系统和漏电保护系统的设置进行了比较分析。提出了一个具有普遍实际意义的防触电保护系统构造模式。