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81.
This study presents a two-stage vertex analysis (TSVA) method for the planning of electric power systems (EPS) under uncertainty. TSVA has advantages in comparison to other optimization techniques. Firstly, TSVA can incorporate greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement policies directly into its optimization process, and, secondly, it can readily integrate inherent system uncertainties expressed as fuzzy sets and probability distributions directly into its modeling formulation and solution procedure. The TSVA method is applied to a case study of planning EPS and it is demonstrated how the TSVA efficiently identify optimal electricity-generation schemes that could help to minimize system cost under different GHG-abatement considerations. Different combinative considerations on the uncertain inputs lead to varied system costs and GHG emissions. Results reveal that the total electricity supply will rise up along with the time period due to the increasing demand and, at the same time, more non-fossil fuels should be used to satisfy the increasing requirement for GHG mitigation. Moreover, uncertainties in connection with complexities in terms of information quality (e.g., capacity, efficiency, and demand) result in changed electricity-generation patterns, GHG-abatement amounts, as well as system costs. Minimax regret (MMR) analysis technique is employed to identify desired alternative that reflects compromises between system cost and system-failure risk. 相似文献
82.
Michael J. Harbottle Gavin Lear Gilliane C. Sills Ian P. Thompson 《Journal of environmental management》2009
This study investigated the use of electrokinetics in unsaturated soil to promote biodegradation of pentachlorophenol through increased contact between bacteria and contaminant. Soil microcosms, contaminated with approximately 100 mg kg−1 pentachlorophenol (containing [14C]-PCP as a tracer), and inoculated with a specific pentachlorophenol-degrading bacterium (Sphingobium sp. UG30–1 × 108 cfu g−1) were subjected to constant and regularly reversed electric currents (10 mA). The former caused large pH and moisture content changes due to water electrolysis and electroosmotic effects, with subsequent negative impacts on biodegradation parameters including enzyme activity and contaminant mineralisation (as measured by 14CO2 evolution rate). The reversed field caused little change in pH and moisture content and led to more rapid contaminant mineralisation, lower soil contaminant concentration in the majority of the microcosms and increased soil enzyme activity (with the exception of soil immediately adjacent to the anode). The presence of an electric field, if suitably applied, may therefore enhance contaminant biodegradation in unsaturated soil. 相似文献
83.
Eun-Hee Kim 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2011,61(3):311-326
Although mandatory disclosure programs have been studied extensively, strategic voluntary environmental disclosures by firms are not well understood. We study the motivations for and impacts of firms' strategic disclosure of greenhouse gas reductions to the US government. We first model firms' joint abatement and disclosure decisions, incorporating both economic and political incentives. We then use data from the Department of Energy's Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Registry to compare reported reductions to actual emissions. We find that participants in the program engage in highly selective reporting: in the aggregate, they increase emissions over time but report reductions. In contrast, non-participants decrease emissions over time. Participants tend to be large firms facing strong regulatory pressure; pressure from environmental groups reduces the likelihood of participation, suggesting such groups viewed the program as a form of greenwash. Participating in the 1605(b) program had no significant effect on a firm's changes in carbon intensity over time. 相似文献
84.
电动助力转向装置是汽车上一种新的助力转向系统装置 ,近年来在国内外发展迅速 ,由于它采用了可编程电子控制装置 ,在带来灵活性的同时也存在着安全隐患。在分析这种产品特殊性的基础上 ,笔者结合电子控制装置的特点 ,指出了事关安全性的因素 ,提出了处理安全性的措施 ,并讨论了几个事关安全性的具体问题。研究结果表明 :现有标准不能够满足电动助力转向装置安全性的需要 ;并提出了对电动助力转向装置进行安全性测评的思想。研究工作对电动助力转向装置的开发以及评价具有参考意义。 相似文献
85.
During their seasonal runs in the Okavango and other freshwater bodies in southern Africa, the sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus, specialises on the bulldog, Marcusenius macrolepidotus, as its main prey. We examined whether the catfish can locate bulldogs by detecting their pulse-type electric organ discharges
(EODs). The electrosensory threshold for single-cycle, monopolar square-wave pulses was exceedingly low (down to 13 μVp–p/cm for 4-ms pulses) in trained, food-rewarded sharptooth catfish (n=4), confirming the results of Lissmann and Machin who were, however, unable to identify a biological function. Other stimulus
pulse waveforms (single-cycle, monopolar as well as bipolar sine-wave pulses) were also effective stimuli according to their
spectral low-frequency energy contents (0– 30 Hz). Male bulldogs display an EOD pulse approximately 10× the duration of female
EODs (≈0.5 ms). The C. gariepinus threshold for field-recorded playbacks of a male bulldog EOD (of long duration) was 103 μVp–p/cm, whereas the brief female and juvenile EODs were not detected (using intensities of natural EODs). EODs of other mormyrids
were detected when either monopolar or of long duration. Signal source amplitude increased linearly with standard length (SL)
in bulldogs. Signal reach, as calculated from signal source amplitude and receiver sensitivity, is up to 150 cm for a large
male bulldog (SL 27.5 cm), and 83 cm for a male that has just turned sexually mature (SL 12.6 cm). Therefore, most bulldogs
eaten by catfish are probably male, in agreement with the size distribution of bulldogs found in catfish stomachs. These results
suggest that sharptooth catfish rely heavily on their acute electrical sense during hunting, and an important function for
electroreception in an African catfish has been identified.
Received: 13 December 1999 / Revised: 20 April 2000 / Accepted: 20 May 2000 相似文献
86.
Experimental study on thermal runaway risk of 18650 lithium ion battery under side-heating condition
To simulate the heat transfer process between lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), an electric heater with the same size and shape as LIB in this work is used to trigger thermal runaway event. The effect of state of charge (SOC), the power of heater, the cell spacing on thermal behavior of LIB was investigated as well the amount of transferred heat between the heater and LIB was calculated. The results indicate that 50% SOC is an unstable state for LIB, that a stronger jet flame becomes more likely when the SOC of LIB is higher than 50%. Additionally, the increased spacing, lower heating power and SOC can contribute to mitigate the severity of thermal runaway behavior. Further, the dominant path of heat transfer between the heater and LIB will also vary with operating conditions. The heat conduction through air is the main heat transfer path in tests with lower heating power. However, heat radiation will replace heat conduction as the primary heat transfer mode when there is a large temperature difference between the heater and LIB in tests with higher heating power. Understanding the leading heat transfer path between LIBs can provide valuable guidelines for the safety design of lithium-ion battery modules. 相似文献
87.
Eco-Efficiency of Electric and Electronic Appliances: A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Y. Barba-Gutiérrez B. Adenso-Díaz S. Lozano 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(4):439-447
Several papers have studied the eco-efficiency of manufacturing systems to address strategic socioeconomic issues in the context
of sustainability analysis. Their goal has been to take into account not only environmental impact aspects throughout the
whole life cycle but also to incorporate the associated economic value as well, thus, giving a comprehensive vision of both
factors. This paper focuses on different commonplace household electric appliances, comparing their eco-efficiency computed
using a data envelopment analysis model. We consider the retail price as a measure of the product’s economic value and the
ecopoint LCA score as the assessment of its environmental impact. We conclude that cell phones and the bulky analyzed appliances
have the highest eco-efficiency scores, whereas the rest would require a more environmentally friendly redesign and/or an
increase in their perceived value to improve their eco-efficiency. 相似文献
88.
本文分析了新型的工字型电除尘器的三电极电场结构,由于其结构特点改善丁粉尘的荷电与收尘条件.增加了收尘面积,提高了收尘效率,降低了二次扬尘,并介绍工业应用实例. 相似文献
89.
Increasing energy consumption in the transportation sector results in challenging greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and environmental problems. This paper involved integrated assessments on GHG emissions and emergy of the life cycle for the internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric automobiles in the USA over the entire assumed fifteen-year lifetime. The hotspots of GHG emissions as well as emergy indices for the major processes of automobile life cycle within the defined system boundaries have been investigated. The potential strategies for reducing GHG emissions and emergy in the life cycle of both ICE and electric automobiles were further proposed. Based on the current results, the total GHG emissions from the life cycle of ICE automobiles are 4.48E + 07 kg CO2-e which is 320 times higher than that of the electric automobiles. The hotspot area of the GHG emissions from ICE and electric automobiles are operation phase and manufacturing process, respectively. Interesting results were observed that comparable total emergy of the ICE automobiles and electric automobiles have been calculated which were 1.54E + 17 and 2.20E + 17 sej, respectively. Analysis on emergy index evidenced a better environmental sustainability of electric automobiles than ICE automobiles over the life cycle due to its higher ESI. To the authors’ knowledge, it is the first time to integrate the analysis of GHG emissions together with emergy in industrial area of automobile engineering. It is expected that the integration of emergy and GHG emissions analysis may provide a comprehensive perspective on eco-industrial sustainability of automobile engineering. 相似文献
90.