Sm2(Zr1-xTix)2O7陶瓷材料的结构及热物理性能

目的研究氧化物TiO_2 B位掺杂对Sm_2Zr2O_7陶瓷材料的结构及热物理性能的影响。方法以Sm_2O_3、ZrO_2、TiO_2为原料,通过高温固相合成法制备用过渡金属氧化物TiO_2掺杂Sm_2Zr2O_7的Sm_2(Zr_(1-x)Ti_x)_2O_7(x=0,0.2,0.4,x为摩尔分数)陶瓷材料。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究陶瓷材料的物相结构以及显微形貌,利用阿基米德原理测定陶瓷材料的体积密度。根据Neumann-Kopp定律计算材料热容,采用高温热膨胀仪及激光导热仪对材料的热膨胀性能和热导率进行表征。结果 Sm_2(Zr_(1-x)Ti_x)_2O_7体系陶瓷材料为立方烧绿石结构,显微结构致密,晶界清晰。Sm_2Zr2O_7掺杂小离子半径Ti~(4+)使其热膨胀系数有所提高,热扩散系数降低,并在高温下表现出类似于玻璃的超低热导率。800℃时,Sm_2Zr_(1.6)Ti_(0.4)O_7的热导率为1.29 W/(m·K),平均热膨胀系数达到10.6×10~(-6) K~(-1)。结论由于基质原子与取代原子之间的原子量差随Ti掺杂量的增加而逐渐降低,其热导率随Ti掺杂量增加而升高。     

石油类污染场地地下水抽水过程水质变化成因

在某石油类污染场地抽水试验过程中对地下水五项常规水质指标进行了连续监测.通过对指标的相关性和主成分分析,基于抽水、弥散试验,揭示了该场地抽水过程中水质变化的原因,探讨了以水质指标描述石油类污染场地地下水净化的方法.结果显示,水质变化是由昼夜水温变化、抽水和生化耗氧作用三者引起.其中,水温变化是由昼夜变化引起;电导率减小...     

Comparison of UV and UV-LED activated sodium percarbonate for the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine

As an active metabolite of venlafaxine and emerging antidepressant, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODVEN) was widely detected in different water bodies, which caused potential harm to human health and environmental safety. In this study, the comparative work on the ODVEN degradation by UV (254 nm) and UV-LED (275 nm) activated sodium percarbonate (SPC) systems was systematically performed. The higher removal rate of ODVEN can be achieved under UV-LED direct photolysis (14.99%) than UV direct photolysis (4.57%) due to the higher values of photolysis coefficient at the wavelength 275 nm. Significant synergistic effects were observed in the UV/SPC (80.38%) and UV-LED/SPC (53.57%) systems and the former exhibited better performance for the elimination of ODVEN. The degradation of ODVEN all followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics well in these processes, and the pseudo-first-order rate constant (k_obs) increased with increasing SPC concentration. Radicals quenching experiments demonstrated that both ·OH and CO₃·⁻ were involved in the degradation of ODVEN and the second-order rate constant of ODVEN with CO₃·⁻ (1.58 × 10⁸ (mol/L)⁻¹ sec⁻¹) was reported for the first time based on competitive kinetic method. The introduction of HA, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻ and HCO₃⁻ inhibited the ODVEN degradation to varying degrees in the both processes. According to quantum chemical calculation, radical addition at the ortho-position of the phenolic hydroxyl group was confirmed to be the main reaction pathways for the oxidation of ODVEN by ·OH. In addition, the oxidation of ODVEN may involve the demethylation, H-abstraction, OH-addition and C-N bond cleavage. Eventually, the UV-LED/SPC process was considered to be more cost-effective compared to the UV/SPC process, although the UV/SPC process possessed a higher removal rate of ODVEN.     

核黄素废水处理工艺研究和设计

利用电解方法处理核黄素上清液可使CODCr去除率达到 70 % ,SS去除率达到 83% ,色度去除率达到 6 5 % ,从而大大降低了后续综合处理负担 ,降低了总厂废水处理总投资和运行费用。     

华北平原耕作土壤特性对基因工程菌迁移的影响

基因工程菌在土壤中的迁移是影响污染土壤生物强化修复的重要因素.在华北平原饱和耕作土壤中,考察了1株阿特拉津降解基因工程菌迁移留存及其影响因素.结果表明,在饱和耕作土壤中,平流渗透是基因工程菌迁移的主要机制,其过程可用过滤模型拟合.土壤性质对孔隙水流和基因工程菌迁移具有显著影响.随着土壤粒径、孔隙率和土壤砂粒组分增加,土壤水力传导率常数增大,基因工程菌过滤系数减小,土壤对基因工程菌过滤留存作用降低.土壤条件不变时,增加入渗流量也会增大土壤水力传导率常数,减小基因工程菌过滤系数.饱和土壤中,水力传导率常数为5.02~6.70 m·d-1时,基因工程菌在土壤中的过滤系数为0.105~0.274,二者存在显著负相关关系.     

河流潜流带颤蚓生物扰动对沉积物渗透性的影响研究

为了探究河流沉积物中底栖动物扰动对沉积物渗透性的影响,以渭河陕西段为研究对象,通过原位采样,布置不同颤蚓密度的试验管,进行室内颤蚓生物扰动对渗透系数影响的模拟实验测试.同时,通过对不同颤蚓密度下垂向渗透系数和沉积物指标进行相关分析和回归分析,研究颤蚓密度大小对渗透系数变化、沉积物表层特征、成分及渗透性变化的影响.结果表明,在研究时段内,渗透系数在白天和晚上的变化程度小于在整个试验时段上的变化程度;光照条件对颤蚓扰动作用影响不明显;沉积物的渗透系数在颤蚓密度约为1.0 ind.·cm-2时达到最大值,颤蚓密度越大,沉积物表面越粗糙,沉积物厚度变化程度越大,沉积物成分变化越大,沉积物颗粒有变小趋势,浮泥含量增加.颤蚓生物扰动作用能够影响沉积物的渗透性能,当颤蚓密度小于一定量值时,颤蚓生物扰动对沉积物渗透性有加强作用;而颤蚓密度大于一定量值后,颤蚓生物扰动对沉积物渗透性有减弱作用,这一颤蚓密度量值大致在2.0~2.5 ind.·cm-2之间.研究表明,颤蚓通过生物扰动改变沉积物的内部和表层结构、沉积物成分组成等,以此破坏或加强沉积物中细小颗粒物的阻塞,致使沉积物的渗透性能增强或减弱.     

Salinity as a Limiting Factor for Biological Condition in Mining‐Influenced Central Appalachian Headwater Streams

Recent studies have found that Appalachian coal mining causes increased surface water salinity, and that benthic macroinvertebrate communities in salinized mining‐influenced streams differ from communities in streams draining unmined areas. Understanding the role of salinity in shaping these communities is challenging because such streams are often influenced by a variety of stressors in addition to salinity. We characterized associations of salinity with biotic condition while isolating salinity from other stressors through rigorous site selection. We used a multimetric index of biotic condition to characterize benthic macroinvertebrate communities in headwater streams in the Central Appalachian Ecoregion of Virginia across a gradient of sulfate‐dominated salinity. We found strong negative seasonal correlations between biotic condition and three salinity measures (specific conductance, total dissolved solids, and SO₄^2? concentration). We found no evidence to suggest stressors other than salinity as significant influences on biotic condition in these streams. Our results confirm negative associations of salinity with benthic macroinvertebrate community condition, as observed in other studies. Thus, our findings demonstrate that elevated salinity is an important limiting factor for biological condition in Central Appalachian headwater streams.     

绿地再生水灌溉土壤盐度累积及风险分析

和常规水源相比,再生水常含有较高的盐分,因而再生水灌溉下土壤盐分的风险引起学者的广泛关注.以再生水利用程度较高的北京市为研究区域,分层采集了不同再生水灌溉历史城区公园绿地与城郊农田表层土壤样品,测定并分析了土壤电导率（EC）和钠吸附比（SAR）等盐分相关指标,探讨再生水灌溉下土壤盐分的累积特征,分析了长期再生水灌溉下土壤盐分累积的风险.结果表明,再生水灌溉下城市绿地和农田土壤EC1：5值和SAR1：5值均显著高于其对照灌区,这种差异在农田中更加显著.公园与农田中再生水灌区土壤EC1：5值较对照灌区分别上升了12.4%和84.2%;土壤SAR1：5值上升幅度分别为64.5%和145.8%.调查区土壤0～10 cm与10～20 cm土层间EC1：5值和SAR1：5值差异不显著.长期再生水灌溉会使盐分累积在土壤表层,同时土壤孔隙度有轻微的减小.在北京地区再生水用于城市绿地灌溉引起表层土壤盐渍化的风险不容忽视.     

Use of tracer tests to investigate changes in flow and transport properties due to bioclogging of porous media

Tracer tests were conducted in three laboratory columns to study changes in the hydraulic properties of a porous medium due to bioclogging. About 30 breakthrough curves (BTCs) for each column were obtained. The BTCs were analyzed using analytical equilibrium and dual-porosity models, and estimates of the hydrodynamic dispersion and mass transfer coefficients were obtained by curve fitting. The change in transport properties developed in three stages: an initial phase (I) with no significant changes in transport properties, phase II with growth of biomass near the inlet of the columns causing changes in dispersivity, and phase III with added growth of micro-colonies deeper in the columns causing mass transfer of solutes from the water phase to the biophase. Tracer transport changed from being uniform to more non-uniform with increase in mass transfer of the tracer between the mobile phase and the immobile biomass. An increase in the bulk dispersivity value of up to one order of magnitude was observed. Numerical simulations suggest that local dispersivity values may be as much as 40 times higher in the more severe clogged areas inside the column. The bulk hydraulic conductivities of the columns decreased by up to three orders of magnitude. The hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity parameters were almost recovered after disinfection of the columns. Different models relating the changes of the hydraulic conductivity to the changes in the mobile porosity due to bioclogging were reviewed, and the micro-colony relation of Thullner et al. [Thullner, M., Zeyer, J., Kinzelbach, W., 2002. Influence of microbial growth on hydraulic properties of pore networks, Transport in Porous Media, 49, 99-122.] was found to best describe the relation between the bulk hydraulic parameters.     

华北型煤田岩溶陷落柱导水性研究

岩溶陷落柱在华北型煤田广泛发育和分布。本文研究了华北型煤田岩溶陷落柱的导水类型、导水条件及突水规律特点。这对华北型煤田煤矿安全生产有重要意义。