漏电开关质量可靠性评价指标及模型的探讨——兼论民用建筑安全供用电网络的可靠构筑

结合对电气可靠性技术的宏观分析态势及安全减灾[9][10]的迫切要求,研究了实用的漏电开关质量可靠性评价指标及分析模型;针对漏电开关的故障,提出了构筑现代民用建筑(多指住宅)供用电安全网络的实施要点及有关标准化措施。     

Heterogeneity of chlorinated hydrocarbon sorption properties in a sandy aquifer

Hydraulic conductivity and sorption coefficients for chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene) were evaluated for 216 sediment samples collected across a 15 m transect and a 21 m depth interval in a contaminated aquifer near Schoolcraft, Michigan. Relationships between hydraulic conductivity, linear sorption partition coefficients, grain size classes, and spatial location were investigated using linear regression analysis and geostatistical techniques. Clear evidence of layering was found in sorption properties, hydraulic conductivity and grain sizes. Conductivity correlated well with grain size, as expected, but sorption varied inversely with grain size, contrary to some previous reports. No significant correlation was found between sorption properties and hydraulic conductivity. This is likely due to the unexpected presence of small amounts of highly sorptive coal-like solids, which dominate the sorption behavior but have little effect on conductivity. The results demonstrate that recent findings regarding the high sorption capacity of coal materials found in soils can exert a controlling influence on contaminant transport. Designers of in situ remediation systems should be cautioned that 1) it is not reasonable to assume that sorption capacity and hydraulic conductivity are related, 2) sorption capacity and hydraulic conductivity are critical measurements for contaminant site characterization and subsequent transport modeling, 3) estimating sorption capacity from organic carbon measurement may lead to greater errors than performing sorption isotherms, and 4) it is more important to characterize vertical heterogeneity rather than horizontal heterogeneity because both sorption and hydraulic conductivity are correlated across longer distances in the horizontal plane.     

Direct hydride derivatization of methyl- and ethylmercury chlorides in aqueous solution with KBH4

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Further Development of a Specific Conductivity Approach to Measure Groundwater Discharge Area within Lakes

Groundwater exchanges with most lakes are rarely quantified because there are many technical challenges to quantification. We investigated a lakebed mapping approach to infer the relative areas of groundwater exchange in 12 prairie shallow lakes and five Laurentian mixed forest shallow lakes in Minnesota, USA in 2011. We used a relatively common approach (seepage meters) to provide baseline information on the magnitude and direction of flow at four locations in each lake. To expand from point measurements to the whole‐lake scale, we explored use of specific conductivity as a cheaper and more time efficient proxy for groundwater discharge to lakes. We validated the approach at near shore stations in each lake where seepage meter measurements and specific conductivity surveys overlapped. Specific conductivity surveys provided a similar assessment of groundwater discharge compared to seepage meters for 50% of the lake‐sampling period combinations. The lakebed mapping approach, when validated for a lake with a limited number of seepage meter (or alternative methods) measurements, offers the advantages of being more time and labor efficient over the use of a similar number of seepage meter monitoring locations; seepage meters (or piezometers, for example) are costlier in terms of equipment and labor, even for single‐lake studies. We show the combined approach could provide useful baselines for understanding and mapping groundwater exchange in shallow lakes.     

Nitrate removal from aqueous solutions by magnetic cationic hydrogel: Effect of electrostatic adsorption and mechanism

Excessive nitrate(NO_3~-) is among the most problematic surface water and groundwater pollutants.In this study,a type of magnetic cationic hydrogel(MCH) is employed for NO_3~-adsorption and well characterized herein.Its adsorption capacity is considerably pHdependent and achieves the optimal adsorption(maximum NO_3~--adsorption capacity is95.88±1.24 mg/g) when the pH level is 5.2-8.8.The fitting result using the homogeneous surface diffusion model indicates that the surface/film diffusion controls the adsorption rate,and NO_3~-approaches the center of MCH particles within 30 min.The diffusion coefficient(D_s) and external mass transfer coefficient(k_F) in the liquid phase are1.15 × 10~(-6) cm~2/min and 4.5 × 10~(-6) cm/min,respectively.The MCH is employed to treat surface water that contains 10 mg/L of NO_3~-,and it is found that the optimal magnetic separation time is 1.6 min.The high-efficiency mass transfer and magnetic separation of MCH during the adsorption-regeneration process favors its application in surface water treatment.Furthermore,the study of the mechanism involved reveals that both-N~+(CH_3)_3 groups and NO_3~-are convoluted in adsorption via electrostatic interactions.It is further found that ion exchange between NO_3~-and chlorine occurs.     

变电站大气环境腐蚀参数自动检测仪研制及应用

目的通过自主研发的大气环境腐蚀参数自动检测仪,监测并积累变电站大气腐蚀数据,判断大气腐蚀性,为变电站选择腐蚀与防护手段,提供数据支持和依据。方法依据变电站大气腐蚀研究的最新理论成果,参考最新国家标准,将影响变电站腐蚀因素的各参数整合,选择国内外最先进的传感器,根据实际工况要求,研制了一台基于变电站环境的大气腐蚀参数检测仪。结果仪器的各项技术指标均达到设计要求,能够满足现场要求,可以根据变电站设备材质要求,定制腐蚀传感器。结论通过在国家大气腐蚀网站(沈阳站)、浙江电力公司所属变电站的测试,研制的大气环境腐蚀参数自动检测仪能够实时采集影响腐蚀的各影响因子的参数值,满足未来腐蚀监测仪器、装备多参数、智能化的要求。     

石油污染对土壤水分特性的影响

陕北是石油工业的发祥地,在石油大规模开采运输过程中,不可避免会造成石油的泄露倾洒,从而对土壤和地下水造成一定程度的污染。为了探讨陕北地区石油污染对土壤水分特性的影响,以3种不同土质土壤(塿土、黄绵土和风沙土)为研究对象,开展了3种土壤在4个不同污染梯度(0.5%、1%、2%和4%)下的土壤润湿性试验和饱和导水率实验,同时以清洁土壤作为对照。结果表明:当土壤受石油污染时,会引起其润湿性发生变化,产生一定程度的斥水性,该变化在风沙土上表现尤为明显;石油污染使3种土壤的饱和导水率均随着污染浓度的增大而呈现下降趋势,饱和导水率虽有降低,但是对于同一土质的土壤来说,均在一个数量级内。     

SiO2气凝胶砂浆性能的优化研究

目的研究Si O_2气凝胶颗粒体积替换比在30%前提下砂浆性能的优化,提高其保温性能和环境适应性。方法采用正交实验的方法,通过向砂浆中添加纤维、引气剂和胶粉来改善砂浆的保温性能,并对比研究各掺杂比例对砂浆密度、力学性能、吸水率,尤其是对砂浆导热系数的影响。结果当纤维、引气剂和胶粉的掺量(质量分数)分别为0.2%,0.05%和1%时,导热系数达到最低,λ=0.3177 W/(m·K),此时,砂浆的密度为1751.6 kg/m3,抗压强度和抗折强度分别为13.4 MPa和8.02MPa,吸水率为7.19%,导热系数为0.3177 W/(m·K)。结论通过添加纤维、引气剂和胶粉,砂浆的性能得到一定程度的改善,其密度在较小的范围内变化,抗折强度提高较大,导热系数在一定范围内降低。     

光学迷宫对飞机货舱感烟探测器响应性能的影响

针对飞机货舱火灾的探测延迟性问题,探讨了光学迷宫对点型光电感烟探测器响应性能的影响,实验研究了点型光电感烟探测器在有、无迷宫两种情况下烟雾探测的响应过程,对比分析了不同烟量时迷宫的作用,并提出探测器迷宫结构的改进设计思路。实验结果表明,在探测器响应过程中,有光学迷宫的探测器烟雾浓度波动幅度较小,迷宫对烟气有滞留作用,提高了探测器的稳定性;但迷宫会使探测腔室的烟雾浓度明显滞后且低于腔外,增大了探测器的迟滞时间,烟雾浓度较低时这种迟滞影响更为明显,严重影响货舱火警探测器的灵敏度。     

废弃电池能否进入废弃电器电子产品处理目录(第二批)管理的筛选评估分析

2009年2月,国务院发布《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》,成为我国废弃电器电子产品回收处理的纲领性文件。在《废弃电器电子产品处理目录(第一批)》中,明确将电视机、电冰箱、洗衣机、房间空调器、微型计算机等5种产品纳入第一批目录。同时,为了为了能够及时、客观地与经济发展、技术进步以及电器电子产品行业的发展变化等相适应,《目录》管理委员会起草了《制订和调整废弃电器电子产品处理目录的若干规定》,明确随着经济发展变化及电子产品废弃形势调整电器电子产品处理目录的原则。废弃电池在近几年来在我国增长速度很大,将来的管理形势十分紧迫。本文在此分析我国几种废弃电池(铅酸电池、镍氢电池及锂电池)的产生量、再生处理处置情况及管理政策导向。并在目录一批筛选原则的基础上利用权重分析法,筛选评估废弃电池能否进入废弃电器电子产品处理目录(第二批)管理的可能,研究显示铅酸电池已具备进入管理目录的资质。