大气汞监测技术进展

为了切实履行《关于汞的水俣公约》,落实美丽中国建设战略,我国亟待加强对大气环境及各涉汞行业的监管.采用文献调研、分类梳理的方法,系统地分析和总结了近年来国内外常用的大气汞监测技术现状与问题,并探讨了未来技术发展方向.结果表明:为了满足大气环境中低浓度多形态汞的监测需求,越来越多功能的大气汞监测技术被研发,当前基于AFS（原子荧光光谱）和AAS（原子吸收光谱）等方法的监测技术对Hg0（元素汞）可实现ng/m3的检出限,对Hg2+（氧化态汞）和Hgp（颗粒态汞）有着低至pg/m3的检出限.自动化采样监测技术是未来汞监测的发展趋势,当前技术对大气中Hg0有着2.5~5.0 min水平的时间分辨率,对大气中Hgp可达到1~2 h的时间分辨率,同时可实现远程传输数据.人工采样监测和被动采样监测技术虽然时间分辨率较差,但在Hg2+和Hgp的监测方面有着一定优势.研究显示,完善大气汞监测管理体系,除了需要研发更强大的Hg2+和Hgp测定技术用于理解相关迁移转化过程,还亟待在相应的标定方法上实现技术革新,并应用这些技术组建地区和全球大气汞监测网络.      

Mo-Mn/TiO2催化剂的协同脱硝脱汞特性

采用浸渍法制备Mo-Mn/TiO₂催化剂,研究了反应温度、HCl和SO₂对其模拟烟气协同脱硝脱汞活性的影响.研究表明,过高的反应温度不利于汞的脱除过程,过低的温度则抑制脱硝反应的顺利进行,但在200℃时可兼具最优的脱硝和脱汞效率;HCl的加入促进汞的高效氧化,却明显降低催化剂对NO的转化;而烟气中SO₂的存在对催化剂的脱硝和脱汞过程均起到抑制作用.利用XRD、H₂-TPR和XPS等表征手段对硫中毒反应前后的催化剂进行了研究.结果表明,硫酸盐在催化剂表面的不断沉积和活性组分Mn⁴⁺及化学吸附氧O_α的消耗乃是致使催化剂失活的主要原因;另外,SO₂与NH₃和Hg⁰对催化剂表面活性位点的竞争吸附,也严重抑制催化剂的脱硝和脱汞反应.Mo-Mn/TiO₂的脱硝过程是通过Mn价态之间的相互转化来完成的,其中元素Mo和O₂是其转化得以实现的助剂;Mo-Mn/TiO₂对汞的脱除以催化氧化为主,金属氧化物中的晶格氧将Hg⁰转化为HgO而被脱除.     

香蕉皮对汞的吸附特征研究

以香蕉皮作为吸附剂,探究其用量与粒径、pH、吸附时间、温度和汞的初始浓度等因素对汞吸附效果的影响。结果发现,随香蕉皮吸附剂用量的增加与粒径的减小、pH的增大、汞的初始浓度的降低和反应温度的升高,溶液中汞的去除率均呈逐渐增高的趋势;在吸附剂用量 ≥ 0.075 g、粒径 ≥ 60目、pH ≥ 5、汞的初始浓度 ≤ 200 mg/L和室温 ≥ 23℃条件下,吸附时间 ≥ 20 min时,汞去除率 > 90%。Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin等温吸附模型对吸附过程均具有较高的拟合度;符合伪二级动力学模型;吸附反应是自发进行的,且为吸热过程;吸附过程较为复杂,颗粒内的扩散不是唯一控制吸附反应过程的因素或步骤。香蕉皮对汞的吸附具有吸附剂用量少,在较宽的pH范围和温度条件下对不同浓度汞均具有较高去除率的优点,可广泛应用于含汞废水的处理,发展潜力较好。     

The Need for Integrated Linkages and Long-Term Monitoring of Mercury in Canada

A nation-wide ecosystem science network for Canada was formed in 1994. At that time, mercury was a re-emerging issue in Canada and the Coordinating Office for the networksought collaboration to assess the issue. The key mechanismsby which the network has added value in addressing this issue are: 1) Information Dissemination, the network has organised, facilitated and co-hosted a number of regional,national and international mercury events (meetings, conferences and workshops) which have served to bring theexpertise together, the network also disseminates informationon it's web page, and the Coordinating Office hosts an annualNational Science Conference; 2) Collaborative Mercury Monitoring, network partners advocated the need for a singlehemispheric mercury network which resulted in the developmentof a compatible Canada–U.S. mercury deposition network, whichmay also be expanded into Mexico, and 3) Environmental Reporting, the network has collaborated with others to reporton current mercury findings through initiatives such as the 1998 Northeast States and Eastern Canadian Mercury Study, a 1999 Mercury Case Study and is presently a partner in the University of Quebec's proposal to form a Collaborative Mercury Ecosystem Research Network in Canada.     

影响YYG-4B型冷原子荧光测汞仪诸因素分析

对YYG－4B型冷原子荥光测汞仪在测试中常出现的各种因素进行了分析探讨，提出了可行的解决方法，进一步提高了测定结果的精密度和准确度。     

Consequences and Correctives Related to Lake Acidification, Liming and Mercury in Fish – A Case-Study for Lake Huljesjön, Sweden, Using the LakeWeb-model

This work exemplifies how a given lake (Lake Huljesjön, Sweden) would likely respond to changes in pH-values and to liming (a standard measure against anthropogenic acidification). The basic questions are: How would a liming influence pH? How long would the changes last? How would the changes influence the structure and function of lake ecosystems? The work uses a comprehensive lake ecosystem model, LakeWeb, which accounts for production, biomasses, predation, abiotic/biotic interactions of nine key functional groups of organisms, phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, two types of zooplankton (herbivorous and predatory), two types of fish (prey and predatory), zoobenthos, macrophytes and benthic algae. LakeWeb is a dynamic model and gives weekly variations. It has been critically tested using empirical data and regressions from many lakes. Those tests are not presented here but have shown that the model can capture typical functional and structural patterns in lakes very well. This gives credibility to the results presented in this work, which would be very costly to obtain in the traditional manner by extensive field studies in one or a few lakes. This work presents for the first time predictions at the ecosystem level of how functional groups of organisms (and not individual species) are likely to respond to acidification and liming. Two existing dynamic models, one for liming, the other for Hg-concentrations in fish, have been added to the LakeWeb-model. These two models have previously been tested and proven to yield good predictions. The results presented here indicate that there are several probable changes in the structure and function of the lake foodweb related to acidification and liming. The predicted changes in macrophyte cover will influence the predation pressure on fish, and thereby the fish biomass. Reductions in primary production at low pH-values will cause reductions in fish biomass. There are several interesting compensatory effects between factors that increase fish biomass and factors that tend to decrease the biomass. Such matters can be handled quantitatively by the LakeWeb-model.     

Response of Mercury Contamination in Fish to Decreased Aqueous Concentrations and Loading of Inorganic Mercury in a Small Stream

Approximately 250 000 kg of mercury was lost towater and soils at the U.S. Dept. of Energy Y-12 Plantin Oak Ridge, Tennessee in the 1950s and early 1960s. A creek originating within the plant receivedcontinuous inputs of waterborne mercury, predominantlyas dissolved inorganic mercury, from groundwater,streambed contamination, and sump and process waterdischarges to the contaminated storm sewer network.These produce aqueous total mercury concentrations of1–2 g L^-1 in the upper reaches of the stream,decreasing to about 0.1–0.2 g L^-1 in its lowerreaches. A program to reduce mercury concentrationsin the creek identified specific sources (buildingsumps, contaminated springwater seeps, foundationdrains, and contaminated piping) and rerouted wateraround contaminated portions of the drain system orcollected and treated mercury-contaminated waterbefore discharging it. As a result, waterbornemercury concentrations in the creek and total mercuryloading were reduced from 1.8 g L^-1 to0.6 g L^-1 and 100 to 20 g d^-1, respectively, in the last 5 yr.Mean mercury concentrations in fish nearest sourceareas in the creek headwaters decreased at roughly thesame rate as waterborne total mercury concentrationsover the past five years, but at the facility boundarydownstream the decline in mercury bioaccumulation wasmuch less. At sites 5–15 km farther downstream, nodecrease was evident. Dissolved methylmercury tendedto increase with distance downstream in a patterninverse to that noted for its dissolved inorganicmercury precursor.Improvements in water quality and modification ofweirs to allow the passage of fish have resulted inthe establishment of large populations of fish inmercury-contaminated headwater areas previously devoidof fish. It may be that the accumulation, retention,and eventual downstream transport of this reservoir ofbiologically incorporated methylmercury has acted tobuffer against expected reductions in mercury in fishat downstream sites.     

重庆市菜地土壤和蔬菜中Hg、Pb的污染特征及相关性分析

通过对重庆市菜地土壤和蔬菜 Hg、Pb的含量分析 ,发现土壤 Hg含量远远大于背景值 ,并且土壤 Hg的含量与菜地周围的环境密切相关 ;土壤 Pb的含量同背景值相差不大。Hg、Pb在土壤和蔬菜中的污染特征表现为主城区 >近郊区 >远郊区 ;并且不同蔬菜品种中 Hg、Pb的含量差异较大 ,在不同蔬菜种类表现为叶菜类 >果菜类 >根菜类。相关性分析表明同一菜地土壤和蔬菜中 Hg、Pb含量无相关性 ;不同菜地土壤和蔬菜 Hg、Pb含量不具有相关性。     

利用微波消解和原子荧光光度法同时测定水样中的砷、汞

建立了一种梯度升压微波消解样品、氢化物原子荧光光度法同时测定水样中砷、汞的方法。在优化实验条件下，水样中砷的检出限为0.07μg/L，回收率为95.9%-102%；汞的检出限为0.01μg/L，回收率为95％－105％，具有操作简便、快速、干扰少、灵敏度高的特点。     

高氯废水中的化学需氧量测定方法探讨

针对高氯废水化学需氧量的测定方法以及原理作了阐述，最终确定一种最直接、简便、准确的硫酸汞倍数添加法测定CODcr.