机动车排出物对人体健康危害的研究

运用基因、ＤＮＡ、染色体，细胞和整个动物为终点的远期危害测试系统，对各类机动车排出尾气的有机提取物的致突变性及潜在致癌性进行了评估，同时运用流行病学方法对接触人群进行调查，结果表明：（１）柴油车，助动车的颗粒有机提取物包含１００多种化学物，（２）Ａｍｅｓ、ＵＤＳ微核及ＳＨＥ细胞恶性转化试验为阳性结果，具有突变性及致癌性。（３）它们能使人胚细胞形成转化灶并发现其中的ｃ－ｍｙｃ，ｐ２１及ｂｃｌ－２表达     

上海城市交通与机动车排气污染调查

上海市机动车保有量逐年增加，车辆的排气污染愈来愈严重，据调查，１９９７年机动画排放的ＣＯ，ＭＮＨＣ，ＮＯＸ和ＰＭ分别达到５８．６，９．０８，６．２０和０．２３万吨。中心城区机动车排放的ＣＯ，ＮＭＨＣ和ＮＯＸ污染物５０％以上来自于小型车，是影响上海城区环境空气质量的主要污染源。     

Enhanced twin pregnancy detection within an open neural tube defect and down syndrome screening protocol using free-beta hCG and AFP

We have applied our multimarker approach of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and free-beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for Down syndrome screening to multiple gestations to assess its efficacy for improved detection of twin and triplet pregnancies. This study matched 225 cases of twin pregnancy and 39 cases of triplet pregnancy each with ten singleton pregnancies based on gestational week, race, time to receive sample, time of year of sample, and geographical area. The ratios of the MOM for each group at the tenth, 50th, and 90th percentiles were compared by the Wilcoxon test. Risks for twins were calculated using Bayes' rule, the age-related incidence of twins, and the levels of AFP and free-beta hCG. The tenth, 50th, and 90th percentiles of free-beta hCG MOMs in twin and triplet cases were 0.85, 1.99, and 4.51, and 1.38, 2.78, and 4.07, respectively. For AFP, the MOMs at these percentiles were 1.26, 1.91, and 2.99, and 2.02, 2.68, and 5.30, respectively. The twin and triplet distributions for each marker were statistically significantly different from the singleton distributions (P<0.0001) and from each other (P=0.0012). At a twin risk cut-off of 1 in 50, 77.4 per cent of all twin gestations can be detected in a second-trimester AFP and free-beta hCG screening protocol with 5.1 per cent of singleton pregnancies falsely identified as at risk for twins. Our dual marker protocol for mid-trimester pregnancy screening combining AFP and free-beta hCG can identify over 77 per cent of twin pregnancies in women less than 35 years of age. This benefit may contribute to an improved outcome of pregnancy by early detection of multiple gestation.     

Use of the chemical cleavage of mismatch method for prenatal deficiency diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin

The most common mutation in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, conversion of a G to an A at base 9989 (PI-Z), was detected with the chemical cleavage of mismatch method, demonstrating the power of the method for prenatal diagnosis. Exon V of the gene was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and heteroduplexes were formed to test for the presence of the mutation. The predicted C mismatch was readily detectable with hydroxylamine, and by making the probe from the chorionic villus sample it was possible to determine that the fetus was heterozygous, not homozygous, for the mutation.     

城市交通机动车污染控制研究进展

城市交通机动车污染问题非常复杂，在许多不可控因素，城市交通是一个动态系统，污染物排放量始终处于变化之中，控制城市交通污染，必须严格控制机动车排放，该文介绍了国内外对城市机动车污染控制研究的概况，以及几种城市中污染物扩散的模型，展望了这方面研究前发展趋势，并提出了可持续发展的效能系统设计与管理的新概念。     

无铅汽油尾气颗粒物组分及其毒性研究

为研究无铅汽油的降铅效果。及其排出尾气颗粒物的有机提取物组分对小鼠细胞免疫功能的影响，采用大流量采样仪采集无铅汽油尾气颗粒物，用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测了颗粒物的铅含量，并采用气相色谱和质谱方法分析了颗粒物有机提取物的组分，同时，用凝胶电泳方法比较无铅汽油颗粒物的有机提取物在加铅和不加铅的条件下，对小鼠巨噬细胞的凋亡影响，结果显示，无铅汽油尾气排出颗粒物上仍有微量的铅，约为0.11mg/g。颗粒物有机提取物中含有大量的有害物质，如多环芳烃，杂环化合物等，通过凝胶电泳法显示，无论是有铅还是无铅，颗粒物有机提取物都能引起小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的凋亡，在有铅的情况下，对巨噬细胞的凋亡影响更为明显，通过研究可以认为，无铅汽油对减轻汽车尾气的铅污染具有积极作用。但颗粒物上仍吸附大量的有害物质，对机体的免疫功能仍具有危害。     

吹扫捕集与色谱质谱联用测定水中挥发性有机物

采用吹扫描集与色谱质谱联用的对水中１９种挥发性有机物同时进行富集分离，定性和定量检测，结果表明，不同化合物的平均回收率大于９０％相对偏差小于５％，该方法的检测限约为０．１－０．４μ／Ｌ。实验证明吹扫描集与色谱质谱联用技术是快速测定水中挥发性有要峨的有效手段。     

关于小于检出限监测结果表示方法的探讨

在环境监测中，在上报结果小于检出限时，以“未检出”、“零”、“无”或“０００…ｎ”等来表示都是不妥当的，会给环境管理和数据使用带来不良影响，甚至会误导出错误的结论。对于此类结果，应以“小于检出限”表示为好。     

废水中优先控制污染酚的HPLC分离-电化学检测

研究了 HPL C分离 -安培法检测四种优先控制污染酚的色谱条件。在 Shim- pack CL C- ODS柱上 ,以 0 .1mol/L Na H2 PO4 +0 .0 5 mm ol/L EDTA· 2 Na+1% CH3 COOH(p H3.0 ) +5 0 % CH3 OH作流动相 ,氧化电位 +1.0 V检测。工作曲线的线性范围在 0～ 30μg/ml,检测限达 ng/m l     

ACF的结构及其滤材特性的研究

根据活性炭纤维与颗粒状活性炭的平行实验，对比了ＡＣＦ与ＧＡＣ的物化特性和基本结构，以说明ＡＣＦ作为新型环境功能材料的特点，在实验室建立的流动法测定材料吸附特性的系统中，对ＡＣＦ在不同流量下对不同上游浓度污染气体（ＮＨ３）的吸附性能进行了测定，获得了ＡＣＦ的穿透曲线，对其吸附性能与吸附床流量和上游浓度进行了相关分析，并对以ＡＣＦ为滤料的空气过滤器的除污性能进行了测试。