Anal gland secretion codes for family membership in the beaver

We investigated how information about family membership is coded by the individually specific anal gland secretion (AGS) in the beaver, Castor canadensis. Because beavers live in strict family units and relatives share more features in the AGS profile than non-relatives, family members share more AGS features than non-family members. Therefore, family recognition seems to be a natural consequence of the more specific kin recognition. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed two possibilities in coding for family membership using the multi-component AGS: either two (female) to three (male) AGS compounds or many compounds were used, but we were not able to determine which possibility is more likely. Compounds were not equally important in coding family membership information, and the interactions among compounds were complex. We attempted to reconstruct a lineage tree for the relationship among different families using two–three or many compounds. We found there was no significant difference for trees constructed by using few or many compounds in either males or females. However, the trees derived from male compounds and female compounds lacked good congruence. Received: 10 December 1998 / Accepted after revision: 13 July 1998     

Systematic Contradiction Between Heritage Conservation and Tourism Development： Cleaning the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu

In recent years, with the rapid development of the tourist industry, world heritage sites become more and more popular among tourists from home and abroad. Therefore, heritage tourism has become a new hotspot. However, while world heritage sites are making obvious economic benefit from tourism, they also bring various problems and contradictions, of which the most troublesome one is the contradiction between heritage conservation and tourism development. To discuss and analyze the root and the essence of the above contradiction and find a way to bring about harmony between them is an important program faced by our national heritage management practice and academic research. Based on the case of cleaning the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu, this paper analyzes the reasons why our national world cultural heritage sites bring about the above contradiction in the process of tourism development and points out that the improper system and stake-holders＇ benefit imbroglio are respectively the root and the essence of the contraction. Then, it also puts forward corresponding solutions.     

标准燃烧室内烹调油烟多信息数据研究

在标准燃烧室内,利用多信息数据采集系统,设计3种典型烹调油烟干扰实验,采集了多种探测传感信息的实验数据,并与国家标准试验火实验数据进行比较,得出了烹调油烟干扰实验的特征规律,为感烟火灾探测器避免烹调油烟干扰提供了参考数据.     

不同采集原理的油烟采样方法研究

通过采用玻璃纤维滤筒采集、吸收液吸收和S材料滤筒采样三种不同采集原理的油烟采样方法的试验,研究出一种油烟采样新材料--SM材料,其填充后制成的S材料滤筒的油烟采集效率大于96%的采样方法.     

油烟净化设备分类及特性

按油烟净化设备的发展历程对其进行了分类 ,并分别介绍了其工作原理及特点     

民用固体燃料及烹调油烟杂环胺排放及健康风险评价

模拟了典型固体燃料的民用燃烧及家庭烹饪食用油过程,分别采用烟尘罩稀释采样系统和小型烟尘罩采集烟气.利用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定了5种典型致癌杂环胺的排放特征.估算了2012年杂环胺排放量及不同情景下妇女炊事吸入杂环胺的致癌风险.结果表明,秸秆、薪柴、烟煤、无烟煤燃烧2-氨基-3-甲基-9H-吡啶[2,3-b]吲哚（MeAaC）排放因子均值为5.2~142.9μg/kg、2-氨基-9H-吡啶[2,3-b]吲哚（AaC）排放因子为0.6~37.8μg/kg,2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶（PhIP）排放因子为1.5~25.9μg/kg.植物油烹调MeAaC和2-氨基-3-甲基咪唑并（4,5-f）喹啉（IQ）排放因子均值分别为6.8μg/kg和1.5μg/kg.动物油烹调MeAaC、2-氨基-3,4-二甲基-3H-咪唑并喹啉（MeIQ）和AaC排放因子均值分别为6.2μg/kg、2.0μg/kg和1.1μg/kg.秸秆使用分别占PhIP、MeAaC和AaC 排放的93.0%、76.2%和76.2%.薪柴使用占AaC、MeAaC和PhIP排放的22.1%、7.7%和4.0%.烟煤使用占MeAaC、 PhIP和AaC排放的15.9%、2.8%和1.8%.健康风险评价表明,在缺乏有效排烟的情况下,使用烟煤（哈尔滨）或秸秆炊事的家庭妇女暴露于杂环胺总致癌风险分别为4.60×10^-5和1.84×10^-5,超过EPA建议值.使用薪柴或烟煤（包头）炊事的家庭妇女暴露于杂环胺总致癌风险分别为4.50×10^-6和4.31×10^-6,略高于EPA建议值.使用无烟煤及电能炊事妇女暴露于杂环胺总致癌风险为可忽略水平.     

浙江省工业油雾管控研究

从浙江省典型涉工业油烟排放的行业入手,包括纺织染整、化学纤维等,分析工业油烟来源、成分、控制技术、排放水平以及管理要求,探讨油雾管控要求和标准制定的必要性,并提出标准制定的思路和建议。     

Species-level study on arsenic availability from dietary components

Arsenic (As) contaminated water and foodstuffs are of major concern. Samples of drinking–cooking water (n = 50), raw rice (n = 50), common vegetables (eight types), and common pulses (three types) were collected from households in the endemic region. The study found up to 70% As reduction by using safe water for cooking of rice and vegetables. Speciation study reflected more arsenate than arsenite and other organic arsenicals in all the types of samples. Male intake of 293 μg As through drinking water contained 38 μg arsenite and 246 μg arsenate, and female intake of 199 μg As contained 167 μg arsenate and 25 μg arsenite. In cooked rice, 108 μg As contained 69 μg arsenate and 17 μg arsenite with 9 μg dimethylarsonic acid (DMA). Total As consumption from cooked vegetables was 45 μg with 34 and 4 μg of arsenite and arsenate, respectively, and 5 μg of DMA. Data indicate that cooking with As-free water removes arsenic in already contaminated foodstuffs but without interconversion of the As species, from toxic inorganic to less toxic organic forms.     

宝钢转炉烟气二次除尘技术研发与进步

随着现代炼钢技术的提高和转炉兑铁速度的加快,特别是在加入含有碳氢化合物杂质的低质废钢时,将产生大量的阵发性烟气并在炉口上方燃烧、引起烟气温度的急剧上升和体积膨胀,导致传统的转炉集尘罩二次烟气捕集能力下降,从而使环境状况不断恶劣。一种由宝钢集团BSEE研发的转炉烟气二次除尘综合处理技术能够消除这些问题。     

A process model to estimate the cost of industrial scale biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by supercritical transesterification

This paper describes the conceptual design of a production process in which waste cooking oil is converted via supercritical transesterification with methanol to methyl esters (biodiesel).Since waste cooking oil contains water and free fatty acids, supercritical transesterification offers great advantage to eliminate the pre-treatment capital and operating cost.A supercritical transesterification process for biodiesel continuous production from waste cooking oil has been studied for three plant capacities (125,000; 80,000 and 8000 tonnes biodiesel/year). It can be concluded that biodiesel by supercritical transesterification can be scaled up resulting high purity of methyl esters (99.8%) and almost pure glycerol (96.4%) attained as by-product.The economic assessment of the biodiesel plant shows that biodiesel can be sold at US$ 0.17/l (125,000 tonnes/year), US$ 0.24/l (80,000 tonnes/year) and US$ 0.52/l for the smallest capacity (8000 tonnes/year).The sensitive key factors for the economic feasibility of the plant are: raw material price, plant capacity, glycerol price and capital cost.Overall conclusion is that the process can compete with the existing alkali and acid catalyzed processes.Especially for the conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel, the supercritical process is an interesting technical and economical alternative.