The impact of gasoline emission on plants – a review

This review presents the status of knowledge about gasoline exhaust pollution and its impact biochemical and physiological characteristics of plants. Parameters on such as leaf conductance, membrane permeability, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and relative water content have been used as indicators to assess the impact of gasoline exhaust pollution on plant health. Tolerant plants such as Mangifera indica Linn. are reported showing an insignificant decrease in the percentage of chlorophyll content (3.6%) and a significant increase in the percentage of ascorbic acid (84.6%) and sensitive plants such as Cassia fistula are reported showing a significant decrease in the percentage of chlorophyll (66.4%) as well as ascorbic acid (32.9%). In the case of ornamental plants, Dracaena deremensis has been reported to show an insignificant decrease in the chlorophyll content but a significant increase in the ascorbic acid, pH and relative water content, which were found to be in tolerant category, while Dianthus caryophyllus showed sensitive characteristics. Such plants can be used as sinks and bioindicators for gasoline exhaust pollution. Though several studies reported biochemical impacts of individual or combined exhaust gases on plant species, the cumulative effect of gasoline exhaust on plant species has not been studied extensively, especially in the developing countries.     

人车碰撞中行人大腿保护研究

研究提高人车碰撞中行人大腿的保护性能的方法。首先对大腿伤害机理,伤害评价指标以及车辆自身结构进行阐述和研究,总结车辆前端结构的关键参数;对某车型的前大灯进行结构改进,按照欧洲新车安全评鉴协会(Euro NCAP)行人大腿保护的试验评价方法,改进后进行碰撞试验;建立装有发动机罩安全气囊的整车仿真模型,验证安全气囊对行人大腿的保护性能。经过试验和仿真可以得出:车辆前大灯结构刚度改进和发动机罩安全气囊可以改善行人大腿的保护性能。     

Gasoline prices and traffic safety in Mississippi

Problem

Limited literature suggests that gasoline prices have substantial effects on reducing fatal crashes. However, the literature focuses only on fatal crashes and does not examine the effects on all traffic crashes.

Methods

Mississippi traffic crash data from April 2004–December 2008 from the Mississippi Highway Patrol and regular-grade unleaded gasoline price data from the Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy were used to investigate the effects of gasoline prices on traffic safety by age, gender, and race.

Results

Gasoline prices have both short-term and intermediate-term effects on reducing total traffic crashes and crashes of females, whites, and blacks. The intermediate-term effects are generally stronger than the short-term effects. Gasoline prices also have short-term effects on reducing crashes of younger drivers and intermediate-term effects on older drivers and male drivers.

Impact on Industry

Higher gasoline taxes reduce traffic crashes and may result in additional societal benefits.     

混铁车强制冷却场集尘系统改造

混铁车强制冷却场原设计为露天敞开式,有4个工作台位,在强制冷却(采用大风量风机经过特制送风头送入炉膛内,将其温度从350℃左右冷却到40℃)过程中,产生了大量扬尘,不仅污染了周围环境,还严重威胁了岗位职工的身体健康.     

流域开发项目环评的深层思考

通过对一西部流域梯级开发水电站环评及其显现的环境问题案例,产生对流域梯级开发项目进行分割式单项环评存在问题的思考,提出对梯级开发环境影响评价必须贯穿流域规划,建立累积环境影响的基本概念和理论,并从其管理机制及公众参与机制上保证流域开发环评的有效实施,使环评在流域梯级开发中真正发挥对生态环境调控的作用.     

考虑设备跌落的天然气计量站失效后果计算方法

天然气计量站阀门多且检定流程中频繁使用桁车，常规天然气站场的失效后果计算方法难以评估由此带来的影响及后果。为此，在API 581标准基础上，考虑阀门截断作用对机械损伤事故的影响，选取管段组储气量为最大天然气泄漏量，并以动量定理为依据，研究了桁车失效所引发的设备跌落事故，建立了潜在影响面积计算模型；将影响面积内损伤的管段及设备、泄漏的天然气、伤亡的人员等折算为经济损失，形成了考虑设备跌落的天然气计量站失效后果计算方法；将该方法应用于某天然气计量站。研究结果表明:设备跌落事故损失金额为机械损伤事故的3倍；当考虑设备跌落事故时，管段风险等级由低级上升为中低级。研究结果可为天然气计量站失效后果评价提供理论支撑。     

A Technique for Estimating the Age of Regular/Mid-grade Gasolines Released to the Subsurface Since the Early 1970's

Investigators, regulators, and litigants having interest in gasoline hydrocarbon releases are almost always concerned with knowing when a release occurred. Gasoline releases to the subsurface have, historically, been the most difficult to age date because of their volatile nature and highly aromatic composition. Age dating of gasolines in the past has depended on the degree of weathering of the lower boiling hydrocarbons in gasoline, the use and disuse of lead, lead isotopes, the use of other additives such as methyl-tertiary-butyl ether, and major refining and formulation changes. However, these approaches are limited and many times difficult to demonstrate and apply. This paper describes a new age dating technique using gas chromatographic data. It is based on the progressive enhancement of the aromatics and the reduction of the normal alkanes (paraffins) in the manufacture of regular and mid-grade gasolines since the 1970s. The changing composition of gasoline was necessary to maintain octane ratings during the removal of lead from the gasoline and while meeting increasingly stringent air quality regulations over the past 30 years. This paper proposes the use of an index that reflects these changes in gasoline composition over time and can be correlated to when the gasoline was manufactured. The resulting curve can be used to estimate the age of release (manufacture) of gasolines. This forensic application can be successfully applied to liquid gasoline samples where the evaporation of the gasoline is less than 50%. Case histories and examples are presented to demonstrate application of the technique.     

The welfare effects of fuel conservation policies in a dual-fuel car market: Evidence from India

We estimate a model of vehicle choice and kilometers driven to analyze the long-run impacts of fuel conservation policies in the Indian car market. We simulate the effects of petrol and diesel fuel taxes and a diesel car tax, taking into account their interactions with the pre-existing petrol fuel tax and car sales taxes. At levels sufficient to reduce total fuel consumption by 7%, the increased diesel and petrol fuel taxes both yield deadweight losses (net of externalities) of about 4 (2010) Rs./L. However, at levels sufficient to reduce total fuel consumption by 2%, the increased petrol fuel tax results in a deadweight loss per liter of fuel conserved that is greater than that caused by the diesel fuel tax. This reflects both the high pre-existing tax on petrol fuel and the high own-price elasticities of fuel demand in India. A tax on diesel cars that results in the same diesel market share as the large diesel fuel tax actually has a negative deadweight loss per liter of fuel conserved. The welfare effects of all three policy instruments are positive, once the external benefits of reducing fuel consumption are added to the excess burden of taxation.     

缸内直喷汽油发动机电子装备振动环境试验的标准化和要点

对缸内直喷汽油发动机上装用的电子装备振动环境试验标准化过程和要点作了介绍.也列举了一些验证中可能产生影响的因素.供产品标准制修订和实验室在设计试验时参考.     

Two ways of defining sustainable mobility: Autolib’ and BeMobility

Abstract

European cities have emerged as laboratories for ‘sustainable mobility'. In the last few years, they have supported numerous electric car projects which combine clean engine technologies with offers on public or shared mobility. This paper compares two ongoing public electric car services in Berlin (BeMobility) and Paris (Autolib’). We explain how both projects shape future visions of sustainable mobility and transform regional transport systems in specific ways through their performative impact as local transport policy tools. Focusing on the socio-economic and political processes through which both projects were conceived and put into practice, we explain their differences as they reflect participating actors' interests in a French versus German industrial and transport policy context after the economic crisis in 2008. We find that whereas BeMobility integrates electric cars as one element in Berlin's intermodal transport system, and thus is centred around ‘intermodality' as the central vision of sustainable transport, Autolib’ in Paris essentially reproduces the dominant mode of private passenger car transport through adding a shared electric car fleet.