国家机动车排污控制管理数据库系统

介绍了“国家机动车排污控制管理系统”数据库的研制、特点及使用方法。该数据库存储了大量的城市环境概况、机动车排放因子、排放标准、燃油标准和排放控制对策等信息,能系统、准确的提供国家级相关数据及法律依据,使各级环保部门和政府决策部门能迅速、准确地掌握全国或某城市的有关机动车的静态或动态的污染排放综合情况。      

基于可调二极管激光技术的汽车尾气遥感监测系统

汽车尾气排放已成为最主要的城市污染源之一。汽车尾气的遥感监测系统作为一种高效实时监测汽车正常运行状况下的尾气排放方法已越来越受到人们的广泛关注。本文主要介绍基于可调二极管激光(TDL)技术的汽车尾气遥感监测系统。首先介绍遥感监测系统的产生与发展以及TDL技术的基本原理,其次阐述遥感监测系统的组成、关键技术以及系统的优点,并分析遥感监测系统在国内外的应用现状,最后提出目前应用中尚待解决的若干关键技术问题。     

机动车VOCs排放特征和排放因子的隧道测试研究

为了得到真实道路交通状态下的城市机动车排放因子,选取广州珠江隧道,进行了机动车VOCs排放特征和排放因子的隧道实验.实验得到隧道机动车平均排放因子为(0.52±0.07)g·km-1·辆-1,其中轻型车排放因子为(0.32±0.14)g·km-1·辆-1,重型车排放因子为(0.26±0.33)g·km-1·辆-1,摩托车排放因子为(1.16±0.26)g·km-1·辆-1.机动车排放的VOCs中烷烃占39.7%,烯烃和炔烃占35.3%,芳香烃占25.0%.排放物质居前三位的排放因子分别为乙烯(52.9±7.4)mg·km-1·辆-1、异戊烷(41.5±7.0)mg·km-1·辆-1和甲苯(31.7±5.5)mg·km-1·辆-1.隧道实验得到的排放因子与机动车台架实验的结果基本吻合.     

汽油加生物添加剂对发动机废气排放的影响研究

通过发动机的台架试验,系统研究了将一种热带植物提取物作为添加剂加入到不同成分的汽油中对汽油机废气排放特性的影响．结果表明：对于93^#高清洁汽油和93^#成分汽油,除了未燃碳氢(HC)略有上升外,其他排放物如氮氧化物NOx、一氧化碳等有所减少,CO2排放有明显的改善．对于乙醇汽油,则HC和CO2略有上升．     

城市街道峡谷内机动车排放污染物的扩散规律

街道峡谷中机动车排放污染物的扩散取决于屋顶风向和风速,并受街道峡谷宽高比、峡谷两侧街区建筑物高度的对称性和高度分布及街区形状等因素的影响.街道峡谷宽高比接近1时,递升型峡谷以及宽阔街道有利于污染物的扩散;可以通过改变街道线源附近街区内建筑物的高度来明显降低污染物浓度.城市建筑规划中若科学考虑上述影响可以减少街道峡谷内污染物的积聚.      

数据挖掘与现场调查结合的电动汽车事故分析

为了解电池热失控引起的电动汽车自燃事故起因,降低事故发生率,统计梳理2020年新能源汽车起火事故概况,并基于动力电池失效机制和车辆运行数据,提出一种融合事故阶段安全参数关联分析、事故现场调查和全生命周期数据一致性分析的事故多维分析方法,采用该方法深入剖析一起电动汽车起火事故.研究结果表明:事故多维分析方法可通过探究事故...     

美军高机动多用途轮式车辆腐蚀分析

介绍了美军高机动多用途式车辆（HMMWV）严重的腐蚀问题,分析了其根本原因在于设计、选材和生产工艺中没有进行服役期全寿命费用分析,以及为了降低采办费用而放弃必要的腐蚀控制措施.     

报废汽车拆解工艺的比对与研究

报废汽车具有良好的资源属性,处理企业选取合理的处理工艺对其进行处置,不仅能够提高经济效益,也可以有效保护生态环境.通过对当前报废汽车处理工艺技术进行分析比对,针对不同拆解企业提出相应的工艺选取建议,为产业发展提供帮助.     

Effect of pipes in heat pump system on electric vehicle energy saving

ABSTRACT

Refrigerant pressure drop and temperature change in pipes are normally ignored in the thermodynamic analysis of traditional vehicle air conditioning system, this will result in serious errors. In this Paper, pressure drop and temperature difference are simulated in different pipes of electric vehicle (EV) heat pump system to analysis the effects of pipes in the actual EV heat pump system. The results indicate that the greater the mass flow, the faster pressure drop increases, the temperature difference decreases. Pressure drop of saturated liquid refrigerant is smaller than that of saturated gas refrigerant at the same saturation pressure and mass flow rate. The higher the refrigerant pressure (no phase change), the slower pressure drop decreases, the faster the temperature difference decreases. Pressure drop decreases with the increment of bending angle of the pipe. For EV heat pump system, suitable valves and less branches are helpful for energy saving of the system. Shortening the pipe between compressor and condenser can reduce temperature change obviously. Pressure drop per unit length in the pipe between evaporator and compressor is large especially in heating mode because of lower refrigerant density. It even reaches to over 100 times of that in the pipe between condenser and throttle valve in heating mode and has negative effects on the performance of the system. If the evaporator is closer to the compressor and the number of branches is less, then pressure drop will decrease a lot, which will be advantageous for energy saving of the heat pump system.     

The effect of extending graduated driver licensing to older novice drivers in Indiana

Introduction: Graduated driver licensing (GDL) systems have been shown to reduce rates of crashes, injuries, and deaths of young novice drivers. However, approximately one in three new drivers in the United States obtain their first driver’s license at age 18 or older, and thus are exempt from most or all provisions of GDL in most states. Method: In July 2015, the state of Indiana updated its GDL program, extending its restrictions on driving at night and on carrying passengers during the first 6 months of independent driving, previously only applicable to new drivers younger than 18, to all newly-licensed drivers younger than 21 years of age. The current study examined monthly rates of crashes per licensed driver under the affected conditions (driving at night and driving with passengers) among Indiana drivers first licensed at ages 18, 19, and 20 under the updated GDL system compared with drivers licensed at the same ages under the previous GDL system. We used Poisson regression to estimate the association between the GDL system and crash rates, while attempting to control for other factors that might have also influenced crash rates. We used linear regression to estimate the association between the GDL system and the proportion of all crashes that occurred under conditions restricted by the GDL program. Results: Results showed, contrary to expectations, that rates of crashes during restricted nighttime hours and with passengers were higher among drivers licensed under the updated GDL system. This mirrored a statewide increase in crash rates among drivers of all ages over the study period and likely reflected increased overall driving exposure. The proportions of all crashes that were at night or with passengers did not change. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand how older novice drivers respond when GDL systems originally designed for younger novice drivers are applied to them.