Reduced graphene oxide-nano zero value iron (rGO-nZVI) micro-electrolysis accelerating Cr(VI) removal in aquifer

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) assembled on graphene oxide (GO) (rGO-nZVI) composites were synthesized by reduction of GO and ferrous ions with potassium borohydride, for use in Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. The results showed that the two-dimensional structure of GO could provide a skeleton support for Fe⁰, thus overcoming the bottleneck of aggregation for nZVI. Also, rGO-nZVI would form a ferric-carbon micro-electrolysis system in Cr(VI)-contaminated aquifers, enhancing and accelerating electron transfer, exhibiting high rate and capacity for Cr(VI) removal. The optimum dosage of the applied rGO-nZVI was linearly correlated with the initial Cr(VI) concentration. Characterization of rGO-nZVI before and after reaction with Cr(VI) revealed the process of Cr(VI) removal: rGO-nZVI firstly transferred electrons from Fe⁰ cores via their Fe(II)/Fe(III) shells to the GO sheet; there, negatively charged Cr(VI) received electrons and changed into positively charged Cr(III), which was adsorbed by the negatively charged GO sheet, avoiding the capping and passivating of nZVI. rGO-nZVI formed a good electrically conductive network, and thus had long-term electron releasing properties, which was important for groundwater remediation.     

地下水污染修复技术验证评价方法研究

随着工业生产的飞速发展,我国地下水污染问题日益突出,亟需大量高效的修复技术以提高对地下水污染的治理效果.然而,现有的专家评估体系难以客观、科学地反映技术的真实性能,也很难促进其推广应用,因此亟需加快ETV（environmental technology verification,环境技术验证评价）研究,创建客观、公正和科学的地下水污染修复技术验证评价体系.基于此,采用层次分析法建立了由目标污染物去除效果、副产物情况、固体废物、废水、废气、噪音、自动化水平、故障情况、适用场地类型、基建费用、药剂投加量、能源消耗和资源回收利用共13个指标组成的地下水污染修复技术验证评价指标体系.依据相关技术规范和专家咨询意见,制定了指标评价标准和方法;基于聚类分析方法,以25个地下水污染修复技术为研究对象,对分类评价和综合评价进行评价结果分级.按照由优到差的级别,分类评价结果分为优秀、合格、不合格3个等级,综合评价结果分为优秀、良好、合格、基本合格和不合格5个等级,由此构成了地下水污染修复技术验证评价方法.为了验证该评价方法的科学性和可行性,利用该方法对某项地下水污染修复技术进行了案例分析.研究显示,所构建的地下水污染修复技术验证评价方法可客观有效地评价地下水修复技术的先进性和适用性,并能够提供改进技术性能的进一步建议.      

纳米伊/蒙黏土对水体中重金属的吸附去除效果

为明确纳米伊/蒙黏土(下称伊/蒙黏土)作为修复材料在去除水体重金属方面的应用潜力,研究了伊/蒙黏土对水体中Ni2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的去除效果与吸附规律,并通过小麦水培试验分析伊/蒙黏土降低水体重金属在小麦地上部分的累积和缓解重金属对小麦的毒害效应等效果. 结果表明:伊/蒙黏土可以吸附去除水体中的Ni2+、Cu2+和Cd2+,当水体中ρ(Ni2+)、ρ(Cu2+)和ρ(Cd2+)分别为5、10、2 mg/L时,添加2%(以w计)的伊/蒙黏土对3种重金属的去除率均达到95%以上. 伊/蒙黏土对重金属的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,对Ni2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的理论最大吸附量分别为2.13、8.52和1.56 mg/g. 在培养液中添加2%伊/蒙黏土可降低小麦对Ni2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的累积富集,缓解重金属对小麦生长的毒害效应. 研究显示,纳米伊/蒙黏土可有效去除水体中的Ni2+、Cu2+和Cd2+,并缓解其对小麦的毒性,因此其在修复水体重金属污染、恢复水环境生态功能方面具有潜在的应用前景.      

景观水体生态修复治理技术的研究与分析

针对当前我国城市景观水体的现状,水体富营养化、发黑、发臭等污染现象频繁发生,同时基于环境保护及景观效果的因素,鼓励和支持利用生态技术进行景观水体修复治理。通过概述几种水体生态修复治理技术的研究进展,分析各种技术在水体修复治理中受到的影响因素或存在的问题,并提出相关的建议,以期为我国城市小型河流、湖泊等景观水体污染的修复治理提供一定的参考。     

多级筛分式淋洗设备在复合污染土壤修复项目中的工程应用

以受重金属、多环芳烃复合污染的工业遗留场地为修复对象,运用多级筛分式淋洗设备对复合污染土壤进行工程化实施,综合考虑场地污染土壤理化性质、污染物分布规律与污染物存在形态等因素,对污染土壤进行7级筛分和淋洗。运行结果表明:该设备操作简单、处理效率高、运行费用低,淋洗出料可达到修复标准,处理达标的石块和砾石可用于场地回填;砂砾、粗砂、中粗砂和细砂可作为建筑材料;仅有泥饼需要进行后续固化稳定化处理。该设备实现了我国自主研发土壤修复淋洗技术装备在应用层面从无到有的突破。     

电动修复法对土壤中镉的去除及形态转化研究

面对镉污染土壤日益严峻的现象以及各种土壤修复技术存在的不足,采用快速、高效、对环境干扰较小的电动修复法对自制镉含量为200 mg/kg的污染土壤进行修复,在不同电压梯度下对土壤p H值、Cd去除效果进行研究,同时采用BCR法分步提取不同形态的镉,对不同形态镉的迁移转化情况进行分析。实验结果表明,随着电压的增加,土壤中不同形态的镉去除效果明显,在靠近阳极区域去除率达到90%以上,在阴极区域以弱酸提取态为主的镉出现了富集现象。另外,酸性条件有利于不同形态的镉向弱酸提取态转化,有利于提高镉的去除率。     

微波辐照修复氯丹污染土壤的影响因素

采用微波辐照技术修复氯丹污染土壤,以氯丹的挥发率和分解率为主要评价指标,研究了微波辐照条件对土壤修复效果的影响。实验结果表明:氯丹的挥发率随微波辐照功率的增大而增大,而氯丹的分解率则无明显变化;当活性炭与土壤质量比为9∶120时,氯丹的去除效果最好,去除率达89%;氯丹的挥发性能在前20min内随微波辐照时间的延长而增强,而氯丹的分解性能则刚好相反;当土壤含水率为15%时,氯丹的挥发率最高,为2.5%,而氯丹分解率最小,为16.8%;在酸性偏中性范围内氯丹的去除效果较差,随土壤p H的不断增大,氯丹的挥发率明显升高,且氯丹的分解率也增大。     

适用异位淋洗修复技术的铬污染土壤条件探究

土壤理化特性、污染物分布情况、污染物存在形态和淋洗剂类型均为影响异位淋洗技术的关键因素。针对两种类型的铬污染土壤开展了异位淋洗对比试验,结果表明:当污染土壤中粗颗粒物料(砾石、砂砾、粗砂和中粗砂)质量分数超过70%,总铬和六价铬在细颗粒物料(细砂和粉土)中含量大于其总含量的60%,且水溶态和弱酸提取态铬占比超过50%时,仅以去离子水作为淋洗剂,粗颗粒物料的六价铬去除率即可达到70%。     

土壤重金属污染原位钝化修复及效果评价进展研究

近年来土壤重金属污染越来越严重,各种土壤重金属污染修复技术中,原位钝化修复技术由于成本低、操作简单易行、并且修复效率高,对于中轻度浓度污染土壤的修复具有较好的应用前景,已经成为研究的热点.本文对原位钝化修复的机理机制进行讨论,指出影响钝化修复的因素包括土壤水分、土壤酸碱度、土壤有机质含量和生长的植物类型.结合了最近的研究发现将钝化剂分为无机钝化剂、有机钝化剂、微生物钝化剂和新型钝化剂和生物炭.阐述了修复后的评价方法,就钝化剂技术的局限性和应用前景给出了方向.     

Field scale interaction and nutrient exchange between surface water and shallow groundwater in the Baiyang Lake region, North China Plain

Fertilizer input for agricultural food production, as well as domestic and industrial surface water pollutants in the North China Plain, increases pressures on locally scarce and vulnerable water resources. In order to: (a) understand pollutant exchange between surface water and groundwater, (b) quantify nutrient loadings, and (c) identify major nutrient removal pathways by using qualitative and quantitative methods, including the geochemical model PHREEQC, a one-year study at a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the Baiyang Lake area in Hebei Province, China, was undertaken. The study showed a high influence of low-quality surface water on the shallow aquifer. Major inflowing pollutants into the aquifer were ammonium and nitrate via inflow from the adjacent Fu River (up to 29.8 mg/L NH₄-N and 6.8 mg/L NO₃-N), as well as nitrate via vertical transport from the field surface (up to 134.8 mg/L NO₃-N in soil water). Results from a conceptual model show an excess nitrogen input of about 320 kg/ha/a. Nevertheless, both nitrogen species were only detected at low concentrations in shallow groundwater, averaging at 3.6 mg/L NH₄-N and 1.8 mg/L NO₃-N. Measurement results supported by PHREEQC-modeling indicated cation exchange, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with partial denitrification as major nitrogen removal pathways. Despite this current removal capacity, the excessive nitrogen fertilization may pose a future threat to groundwater quality. Surface water quality improvements are therefore recommended in conjunction with simultaneous monitoring of nitrate in the aquifer, and reduced agricultural N-inputs should be considered.