Diel Cycling of Zinc in a Stream Impacted by Acid Rock Drainage: Initial Results from a New in situ Zn Analyzer

Recent work has demonstrated that many trace metals undergo dramatic diel (24-h) cycles in near neutral pH streams with metal concentrations reproducibly changing up to 500% during the diel period (Nimick et al., 2003). To examine diel zinc cycles in streams affected by acid rock drainage, we have developed a novel instrument, the Zn-DigiScan, to continuously monitor in situ zinc concentrations in near real-time. Initial results from a 3-day deployment at Fisher Creek, Montana have demonstrated the ability of the Zn-DigiScan to record diel Zn cycling at levels below 100 μg/l. Longer deployments of this instrument could be used to examine the effects of episodic events such as rainstorms and snowmelt pulses on zinc loading in streams affected by acid rock drainage.     

Assessment of thermal stratification within stream pools as a mechanism to provide refugia for native trout in hot, arid rangelands

Native trout species, such as the redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), occupy thermally harsh stream habitats in hot, arid rangeland basins of the western United States. Declines in the distribution and abundance of these species has generated interest in understanding how these cold water species survive in these systems, as well as in identifying opportunities to restore these species to their former ranges. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for thermal stratification to provide thermal refuge for redband trout in stream pools characterized by warm intermittent flow conditions on arid rangelands. We studied vertical thermal stratification in two pools during three summers on Boles Creek located on the Modoc Plateau in extreme northeastern California. Water and air temperature data were collected on a 0.5 h time step from 15-Jun through 15-Sep during 1996, 1997, and 2000 using commercial temperature data-loggers. Water temperature was measured at the top (0.3 m below pool surface) and bottom (0.3 m above pool substrates) of each pool. Vertical thermal stratification occurred within these pools creating conditions as much as 7.6 ˚C cooler and consistently more constant at the bottom of pools compared to pool surface waters. Thermal stratification was dependent upon air temperature with the magnitude of stratification increasing as air temperature increased. The magnitude of thermal stratification varied significantly from year to year, likely reflecting variation in annual weather conditions. The thermal regime in the study pools was often near the upper lethal limit reported for redband trout, but temperatures at the bottom of these pools did offer refuge from lethal temperatures realized near the pool surface. Temperatures at pool bottom were consistently above optimal levels published for redbands.     

Effects of Water Withdrawal From Ice‐Covered Lakes on Oxygen,Temperature, and Fish1

Abstract: In northern regions, large volumes of water are needed for activities such as winter road construction. Such withdrawals, particularly from small lakes, can reduce oxygen concentrations and water levels, potentially affecting aquatic organisms. Withdrawal limits have been developed by regulatory agencies, but are largely theoretical. Water withdrawal thresholds were tested in two small lakes by removing 10% and 20% of their respective under‐ice volumes and comparing oxygen parameters, temperature, over‐wintering habitat, and northern pike (Esox lucius) abundance to reference conditions. Because of a milder winter, oxygen parameters were elevated in reference lakes in the period following withdrawal compared to the prewithdrawal period. The 10% withdrawal resulted in a ?0.2 m shift in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l in that lake, but had no effect on total volume‐weighted oxygen, or volume of over‐wintering habitat. In contrast, the 20% withdrawal caused 0.7 m reduction in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l compared to the previous year, a 26% decline in the volume‐weighted oxygen concentration, and a 23% reduction in the volume of over‐wintering habitat compared to prewithdrawal conditions. Water temperatures were slightly (≤ 10%) colder in the upper strata in the year following the withdrawal in both withdrawal and reference lakes. Northern pike abundance was not impacted by water withdrawals in either of the lakes. The results of this study show that the effects of water withdrawal on the parameters investigated reflected the characteristics of the lakes, and would therefore be expected to vary from lake to lake. Policy development to mitigate impacts must therefore reflect the site‐specific nature of water withdrawal.     

低温试验系统中露点温度控制的节能技术

本文通过对低温系统露点温度控制技术的分析,指出该控制模式存在的不足,提出采用露点模式和时间程序模式相结合的露点节能控制模式对空气的干燥度和使用工况进行监控,从而实现对低湿度干燥空气的露点温度的智能监控.同时对两种控制模式耗能进行比较,指出露点节能控制模式明显优于单纯的时间程序控制模式,为低温系统露点控制提供了新的测控手段.     

EMF effects on microcirculatory system

Authors review the importance of studying the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on microcirculatory system, especially in respect of possibility that vasculature may have direct and indirect role in interaction of static magnetic fields (SMF). We outline the physiological importance of microcirculation and relatively new methods of evaluation technique in vivo and explain in details the local and/or whole body exposure effects of SMF with␣range of 0.3–180 mT, power frequency EMF with range of 0.1–30 mT and microwaves at 1.5 GHz with range 0.08–8 W/kg brain average specific absorption rate (SAR) on microcirculatory systems in different tissues in experimental animals.     

建筑火灾增长阶段室内温度的时间特性研究

为研究建筑火灾增长阶段室内温度的时间变化规律,提出了高温烟气的主要几种热损失的计算方法,发展了受火室与未受火室及环境的热平衡方程,并采用牛顿-拉菲尔森法迭代得到受火室的温度变化.计算了慢速、中速、快速、超快速四种火灾增长速率下,受火室气相温度及烟气热损失随时间的变化.本文的研究方法及有关结果可以为建筑防火及安全疏散提供有力依据.     

锅炉尾部烟道直接喷水调质技术的研究

对排烟温度低于160 ℃的锅炉尾部烟道内直接喷水调质技术进行了探讨,从实际应用情况来看,此项技术改造规模小,不影响除灰系统正常运行,并且能提高1%～2.5%的除尘效率.     

环境温度对粉尘爆炸参数的影响

研究了环境温度对萘酐(C10H6O2)粉尘爆炸参数的影响,得到了随着温度的升高,最大爆炸压力峰值变化不大;而最大压力上升速率增大,爆炸下限浓度降低,安全氧含量也会降低.根据化学动力学理论对这一影响进行了分析.     

哈尔滨市热岛效应与植被的关系——基于RS和GIS的定量研究

利用遥感和地理信息系统技术对Landsat ETM＋热红外遥感数据进行处理，反演和计算了哈尔滨城区的地面亮温和植被指数。通过剖面分析，研究了城区温度场的空间格局与植被盖度的关系；通过多元回归分析，揭示了城区热岛效应同多个指数的相关关系。结果表明：市内的道外区是热岛效应的主要分布区，道里区、香坊区的情况也比较严重；铁路沿线区域是城区主要的热岛效应地带；植被盖度和地面亮温呈反相关关系；植被和水体区域可以缓解城市的热岛效应。通过对市区热岛效应分析，可以监测城市化进程，为城市热环境质量评价和热源调查提供准确、丰富的信息。     

大型建筑构件在突发性事件中的抗火性能分析

针对地震、恐怖袭击等突发性事件引起的次生火灾对大型建筑的破坏特点,比较了大型建筑与普通建筑在结构抗火性能上的差异;利用轴向非均匀温度应力模型,对大型建筑构件的抗火性能与结构抗火计算进行了分析,疏理归纳出了部分性能特征;提出了一套用于这类火灾特点的构件抗火计算理论方法。