上海市电子废弃物产生量预测与回收网络建立

以上海市为例,利用无容量限制的设施选址模型(UFCLP模型)建立了上海市电子废弃物(WEEE)回收网络,同时,为获得模型求解所需数据,根据1991～2012年的销售量对上海市2010～2017年彩电、冰箱、洗衣机、空调和电脑的废弃量进行了预测.结果表明,5种电子产品的总废弃量会从2010年的269.49×104台增至2017年的635.75×104台.最后,依据区域GDP、人口密度和区域面积等多因素对电子废弃物空间分布量进行了预测,并以此为基础选取了214个回收站候选点,使用SITATION软件对UFCLP模型进行求解,最终确定10个点作为拟建回收点,可实现未来上海市约76%的电子废弃物回收.该网络的建立对长三角地区和全国大中型城市电子废弃物回收都具有良好的示范作用.     

江河水质监测断面优化布设方法

江河水质监测断面应掌控水质的时空变化规律.数理统计分析方法可以发现一条河流上现有水质监测断面是否存在功能相似的邻近断面,水环境数值模拟方法可以近似地展现一条河流任意位置的水质情况,二者结合即可解决缺乏实测数据的河流水质监测断面优化布设问题.以我国某条大河为研究实例,运用物元分析法、模糊聚类分析法以及一维水环境数值模型结合物元分析法研究其水质断面优化问题.研究发现该河现有15个监测断面需要去除2个,同时需要增设2个新的水质监测断面.通过实地调查,该优化方法很好地解决了河流水质监测断面的合理布设问题.     

杀扑磷在土壤色谱柱中的迁移及其模型拟合

基于液相色谱原理,建立了土壤色谱系统.在红壤和砂质灰潮土色谱柱中分别对杀扑磷在3种不同模拟土壤溶液(分别为0.01 mol·L-1 CaCl2溶液、0.001 mol·L-1柠檬酸和0.01 tool·L-1CaCl2,的混合溶液、0.001 tool·L-1苹果酸和0.01 mol·L-1CaCl2的混合溶液).2种孔隙水流速度(11.46和22.92 cm·h-1)下的迁移行为进行了实验研究,获得了示踪剂Cl-和杀扑磷的穿透曲线(BTCs).通过CXTFIT2.1软件,用局部平衡(LEA)对流一扩散方程(CDE)和化学非平衡两点模型(TSM)拟合了杀扑磷的BTCs,获得了物理和水动力学参数.研究表明,用TSM对本实验条件下杀扑磷迁移的仿真具有较高的精度,这为预测和控制有机磷农药在土壤环境中的迁移与归宿行为提供了理论依据.     

厌氧反应器系统动力学模型构建方法学研究

以系统动力学的基本概念、方法为基础提出了存在于变量之间的3种基本关系模式,并在此基础上提出针对复杂系统的分块建模理论.将以葡萄糖为进水基质的厌氧反应器划分为3个子系统.确定了该系统的系统结构图,在此基础上构建厌氧消化系统的SD模型.根据分块建模的优势及特点,对模型中的3个子系统采用不同的计算方式,通过对比模拟结果表明,SD模型静态模拟结果与实验数据、传统结构模型模拟结果之间的误差<10%,动态模拟结果与实际趋势一致,说明SD模型的模拟结果是可信的.根据其特性,对取消物化子系统的简化模犁的模拟结果进行分析,表明根据不同的研究目的,选择合适的模型结构是必要的,采用系统动力学的分块建模方法有利于模型的简化与升级、减少计算量、提高模型的计算速度.     

中国工业企业排污强度影响因素的实证分析

在均衡污染模型的基础上,采用中国省级面板数据,选取4种代表性工业污染物,分析了东中西部工业企业排污强度的影响因素及区域差异。实证研究表明,东中部地区的污染排放强度随经济发展相对水平的上升而下降,而西部地区仍是将经济发展放在环境保护之上。其次,随着受教育水平的提高,先是工业企业得到发展从而带来更大的污染,随着当地对环境的关注逐渐加强,排污强度开始下降。     

黏胶纤维厂特征污染因子的筛选及其对河流水质的影响

以丹东化学纤维公司为例,对黏胶纤维厂生产工艺进行了分析,并对其污染源进行了调查、监测,物料衡算及污染因子的评价,筛选出了主要污染物、特征污染物与评价因子,并运用水质预测模型对其纳污河流的水质影响进行了研究。     

基于灰色理论的电子装备环境适应性评判模型

环境适应性是电子装备综合性能的一项重要指标。根据环境因素对电子装备的影响,构建电子装备环境适应性评价指标体系,在此基础上,运用灰色理论,建立电子装备环境适应性灰色综合评判模型,并结合实例,验证了模型的合理性和可行性。     

High-resolution modeling and evaluation of ozone air quality of Osaka using an MM5-CMAQ system

High-resolution modeling approach is increasingly being considered as a necessary step for improving the monitoring and predictions of regional air quality.This is especially true for highly urbanized region with complex terrain and land-use.This study uses Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model coupled with MM5 mesoscale model for a comprehensive analysis to assess the suitability of such high-resolution modeling system in predicting ozone air quality in the complex terrains of Osaka,Japan.The 1-km and 3-km grid domains were nested inside a 9-km domain and the domain with 1-km grid covered the Osaka region.High-resolution Grid Point Value-Mesoscale Model μgPV-MSM) data were used after suitable validation.The simulated ozone concentrations were validated and evaluated using statistical metrics using performance criteria set for ozone.Daily maxima of ozone were found better simulated by the 1-km grid domain than the coarser 9-km and 3-km domains,with the maximum improvement in the mean absolute gross error about 3 ppbv.In addition,1-km grid results fared better than other grids at most of the observation stations that showed noticeable differences in gross error as well as correlation.These results amply justify the use of the integrated high-resolution MM5-CMAQ modeling system in the highly urbanized region,such as the Osaka region,which has complex terrain and land-use.     

Evaluating the e ects of granular and membrane filtrations on chlorine demand in drinking water

In this study, chlorine decay experiments were conducted for the raw water from Nakdong River that is treated by Chilseo Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) situated in Haman, Korea as well as the e uents from sand and granular activated carbon (GAC) filters of CWTP and fitted using a chlorine decay model. The model estimated the fast and slow reacting nitrogenous as well as organic/inorganic compounds that were present in the water. It was found that the chlorine demand due to fast and slow reacting (FRA and SRA) organic/inorganic substances was not reduced significantly by sand as well as GAC filters. However, the treated e uents from those filters contained FRA and SRA that are less reactive and had small reaction rate constants. For the e uents from microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration the chlorine demand because FRA and SRA were further reduced but the reaction rate constants were larger compared to those of sand and GAC filter e uents. This has implications in the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). If DBPs are assumed to form due to the interactions between chlorine and SRA, then it is possible that the DBP formation potential in the e uents from membrane filtrations could be higher than that in the e uents from granular media filters.     

基于逐步回归分析方法的PM_(10)浓度预报模型

根据沈阳市2003～2005年的PM10浓度资料以及同期的气象要素资料,采用逐步回归方法建立了分季节的空气污染物PM10与气象因子的关系模型,并且利用2006年PM10资料和气象资料对模型进行了验证。结果表明:PM10预报浓度准确率和等级准确率最好的是夏秋两季,最差的是春季。春季当PM10日均浓度出现很高值时,预报结果与实测值有较大的误差,但趋势是一致的。秋季趋势的一致性不好,但波动比较小。冬季和夏季预报值与实测值的变化趋势基本上一致。