AN ENGINEERING ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A PROGRAM FOR ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE1

This study describes and demonstrates two alternate methods for evaluating the relative costs and benefits of artificial groundwater recharge using percolation ponds. The first analysis considers the benefits to be the reduction of pumping lifts and land subsidence; the second considers benefits as the alternative costs of a comparable surface delivery system. Example computations are carried out for an existing artificial recharge program in Santa Clara Valley in California. A computer groundwater model is used to estimate both the average long term and the drought period effects of artificial recharge in the study area. For the example problem, the benefits of reduced average annual pumping lifts and reduced incremental subsidence are greater than the total costs of continuing the existing artificial recharge program. Benefits for reduced subsidence are strongly dependent on initial aquifer conditions. The second analysis compares the costs of continuing the artificial recharge program with the costs of a surface system which would achieve the same hydraulic effects. Results indicate that the costs of artificial recharge are considerably smaller than the alternative costs of an equivalent surface system. In evaluating a particular program, consideration should also be given to uncertainties in future supplies and demands for water as well as to the probability of extreme events such as droughts.     

潮白河河道现场淋溶试验

南水北调水进京后部分水源将通过潮白河河道人工回灌至地下储存,以涵养严重亏损的地下水资源.为研究回灌过程中的水岩相互作用,本研究在潮白河河道开展了现场淋溶试验,通过测试分析K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO-3、Cl-、SO2-4、NH3-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、F-、溶解性总固体、总硬度、p H值等水质指标的变化特征,从水岩相互作用的角度探讨了水质变化机理,为南水北调水资源的合理利用提供技术支撑.试验结果表明,回灌水源在包气带介质运移过程中物理淋溶现象显著,试验过程中发生了阳离子交换吸附作用、氨氮解析和硝化作用等一系列的化学反应.     

城市污水地下回灌深度处理技术

以城市污水地下回灌为回用目的,研究了不同的污水深度处理工艺,并着重研究了去除二级生物处理出水中有机物的处理工艺.研究结果表明,采用臭氧氧化和粉末活性炭预处理后再经土壤渗滤回灌,可大大改善水质,水中溶解性有机碳浓度可降至3mg／L以下,通过静态吸附实验选出了适于处理二级出水的粒状活性炭,并运用ADSA软件对有机物在活性炭上的吸附行为进行分析.将活性炭的动态实验同混凝、过滤结合起来,研究不同组合工艺对有机物的去除效果,筛选出了适于城市污水处理厂二级出水地下回灌的预处理工艺,其出水溶解性有机碳浓度低达3～4．5mg／L以下.     

Water resources issues of small island developing states

The water resources of most small island developing states (SIDS) are often very limited and require special consideration to ensure that they are developed and managed in a sustainable manner. Many small islands, typically located in the humid tropics, have no surface water resources and rely on limited groundwater resources in the form of thin freshwater lenses. The exposed location of small islands makes them particularly vulnerable to natural disasters such as cyclones, floods and droughts. Pollution from population centres and from agricultural and other activities is an increasing problem. This article provides an overview of the water resources of small islands, and the main problems and issues related to water resources. Some suggested solutions, based on practical experiences, are offered for water resource assessment and monitoring programmes, and water resource development. Water resource policy, planning and management issues are also addressed, and suggested approaches for resolving some of the major water resource problems presented.     

Transport of bacterial cell (E. coli) from different recharge water resources in porous media during simulated artificial groundwater recharge

• The recharge pond dwelling process induced changes in cell properties. • Cell properties and solution chemistry exerted confounding effect on cell transport. • E. coli cells within different recharge water displayed different spreading risks. Commonly used recharge water resources for artificial groundwater recharge (AGR) such as secondary effluent (SE), river water and rainfall, are all oligotrophic, with low ionic strengths and different cationic compositions. The dwelling process in recharge pond imposed physiologic stress on Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells, in all three types of investigated recharge water resources and the cultivation of E. coli under varying recharge water conditions, induced changes in cell properties. During adaptation to the recharge water environment, the zeta potential of cells became more negative, the hydrodynamic diameters, extracellular polymeric substances content and surface hydrophobicity decreased, while the cellular outer membrane protein profiles became more diverse. The mobility of cells altered in accordance with changes in these cell properties. The E. coli cells in rainfall recharge water displayed the highest mobility (least retention), followed by cells in river water and finally SE cells, which had the lowest mobility. Simulated column experiments and quantitative modeling confirmed that the cellular properties, driven by the physiologic state of cells in different recharge water matrices and the solution chemistry, exerted synergistic effects on cell transport behavior. The findings of this study contribute to an improved understanding of E. coli transport in actual AGR scenarios and prediction of spreading risk in different recharge water sources.