Characteristics of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in urban area of Beijing: Variations, photochemical reactivity and source apportionment

Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed by an on-line gas chromatography-flame ionization detector monitoring system from November 2016 to August 2017 in Beijing. The average concentrations were winter (40.27 ± 25.25 μg/m³) > autumn (34.25 ± 19.90 µg/m³) > summer (32.53 ± 17.39 µg/m³) > spring (24.72 ± 17.22 µg/m³). Although benzene (15.70%), propane (11.02%), ethane (9.32%) and n-butane (6.77%) were the most abundant species, ethylene (14.07%) and propene (11.20%) were the key reactive species to ozone formation potential (OFP), and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene + p-xylene and o-xylene (54.13%) were the most reactive species to secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP). The diurnal and seasonal variations indicated that diesel vehicle emission during early morning, gasoline vehicle emission at the traffic rush hours and coal burning during the heating period might be important sources. Five major sources were further identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF). The vehicle exhaust (gasoline exhaust and diesel exhaust) was found to be contributed most to atmospheric VOCs, with 43.59%, 41.91%, 50.45% and 43.91%, respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter; while solvent usage contributed least, with 11.10%, 7.13%, 14.00% and 19.87%, respectively. Biogenic emission sources (13.11%) were only identified in summer. However, both vehicle exhaust and solvent usage were identified to be the key sources considering contributions to the OFP and SOAFP. Besides, the contributions of combustion during heating period and gasoline evaporation source during warm seasons to OFP and SOAFP should not be overlooked.     

广西重点城市空气质量预报系统

介绍了应用数值预报和统计预报相结合的集成预报技术建立的广西重点城市空气质量预报系统。指出该系统可根据影响大气污染物的天气系统类型修正预报结果，提高预报的准确率；建立的气象和环保部门的预报会商平台，使气象与环保部门实现了每天异地技术会商、信息资源共享等功能；系统的运行环境要求较低，只需终端用户具有拨号或专线上网或局域网联网功能；系统能用于多城市空气质量预报，对城市环境天气服务中的中小尺度短期(24h-48h)的天气预报也有参考价值。     

某重点行业企业用地疑似污染区域识别

本文以上海市一家重点行业企业为例介绍了疑似污染区域的识别过程,并提出了在疑似污染区域识别过程中的注意事项及重点关注区域。     

关于重点排污单位名录制定和使用过程中存在的问题及建议

2017年11月,原环境保护部办公厅发布《关于印发重点排污单位名录管理规定(试行)的通知》,对重点排污单位的基本管理要求和筛选条件作出了详细规定。重点排污单位是国家重点监控企业的替代和延续,成为当前排污许可制度尚未完全成熟阶段环境管理的重要抓手。重点排污单位名录聚焦影响环境质量的主要污染物、排污大户和重大风险源,由设区的市级地方人民政府生态环境主管部门确定,有利于压实地方环保责任。在名录制定和使用过程中存在着部分指导性文件存疑、名录重点不突出、部分重点排污单位无法安装自动监测设备、不能满足新的环境监管需求、名录更新时间滞后、缺少罚则等问题,本文就此进行了深入分析并提出了几点建议。     

重点行业的关注污染物与环境危害简析

经济的高速发展加速了城市化的进程,许多原有的污染行业面临着废弃或关闭,因而产生了大量的污染场地(又称为"棕地").污染场地对人体健康和环境呈现潜在的风险,限制经济的可持续发展和社会稳定.对筛选的10个重点行业的工艺过程进行简要描述,总结了重点行业的工艺过程,潜在的污染源区以及关注污染物的迁移和持久性,并分析了污染物对人...     

国家重点研发计划“水资源高效开发利用”重点专项2016年度申报情况解析

2015年2月,科技部发布国家重点研发计划“水资源高效开发利用”重点专项2016年度指南,历经申报和立项评审,最终有31个项目获得立项支持。本文简述了中国21世纪议程管理中心作为承担本专项过程管理任务的专业机构,在2016年项目申报过程中的工作流程和相关数据分析,对今后开展有关工作提出了建议,为相关领域科研人员申报本专项项目提供一定参考。     

呼和浩特市交通要道氮氧化物浓度监测与分析

为获知呼和浩特市交通要道氮氧化物（NOx）污染现状,采用短期暴露扩散采样法,于2010年3月21至4月24日,在呼和浩特市区交通要道设置IN个采样点,对氮氧化物进行了监测并分析。实验结果为四个采样点的N0x浓度日平均值为0．012—0．14mg·m^-3,表明呼和浩特市交通要道附近氮氧化物浓度存在超标现象,有关职能部门应采取有效措施,防治NOx污染的发生。     

Risk-based siting considerations for LNG terminals – Comparative perspectives of United States & Europe

Siting regulations and industrial standards for liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals are evolving along different paths within Europe and the United States (U.S.). The 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 190 continues to delineate the United States process to adopt and revise safety regulations pertaining to LNG terminals and peak shaving plant sitting.¹ Embodied in these regulations are rich legal and regulatory traditions that are unique to the U.S. perspective. For example, the public is encouraged to petition existing regulations and to comment on regulatory proposals. Litigation within the U.S. court system is another means by which industry and the public may seek regulatory change. This approach promotes public involvement in governmental oversight and creates a distinctive obligation and accountability for U.S. regulatory agencies, which uniquely shape technical, safety, risk mitigation, and societal risk perspectives for siting LNG terminals.European traditions shape siting regulations for LNG terminals as well. Though American siting guidance includes references to the National Fire Protection Association’s NFPA 59A and 49 CFR, Part 193, European developers also apply the guidance within EN 1473 – a risk-based case-by-case analysis directive.^{2, 3 and 4} The NFPA 59A standard is applied for a basis to examine property line spacing as they pertain or may relate to off-site hazard impacts. The European approach applies the assessment and suitability of code compliance and the application of accepted engineering practices. In addition the approach incorporates the application of empirical risk assessments and computational modeling to reach an understanding of risk exposures. European policies set limits on the population’s cumulative exposure to facility risks and require LNG facility developers not to exceed established risk criteria.This paper describes how the U.S. and Europe site LNG terminals, identifies key differences in their risk-based approaches, and explains why these differences exist. This discussion also examines historical precedents that have influenced regulations and approval processes for siting LNG terminals within each continent.     

pH值对氨氮电化学氧化产物与氧化途径的影响

摘要:研究了含氨氮废水在循环流动式电解槽中的电化学氧化,讨论了pH值对氨氮电化学氧化效果、产物及其途径的影响。结果表明,在弱碱性条件下,有利于电解过程中羟基自由基和游离氯的生成,氨氮的电化学氧化速率较大。在有氯离子存在的情况下,氨氮电化学氧化过程中有氯胺生成,氯胺的组成与体系的pH值有关,当pH>9时,一氯胺占优势;当pH=7时,一氯胺和二氯胺同时存在,并且近似相等;当pH<5时,主要是二氯胺;pH值大于5时,可以避免三氯化氮的生成。在电流密度为20mA/cm2时,电解产生的羟基自由基小于5×10-15mol/L,氨氮电化学氧化的2种途径中间接氧化起主要作用。     

城市旅游发展的动力:理论分析与案例研究

20世纪80年代之初，深圳和珠海旅游发展的内外部条件极为类似，但是20年来两个城市旅游的发展模式却完全不同。本文研究发现：城市旅游发展取决于需求结构和相对优势两个因素的共同作用。基于旅游体验本质的需求结构的变化，决定了同一类型的旅游城市具有相似的变化规律；不同类型的旅游城市变化规律差异较大。另一方面，城市旅游驱动机制决定了相对优势的变化，旅游驱动机制演变轨迹的不同正是建成各个城市旅游目的地旅游发展模式差别的主因。由此可见，城市旅游要实现可持续发展就必须用随外部环境的变化（主要是需求结构的变化），适时培育和转变驱动机制。