洱海藻类水华高风险期沉积物氮磷释放通量时空变化

选择藻类水华高风险期,研究沉积物氮磷释放通量时空变化及影响因素,以揭示沉积物氮磷释放对洱海水质影响.结果表明:①2009、2013和2018年洱海沉积物氮磷释放通量整体呈上升趋势,与2009相比,2013年增幅较大,而2018年与2013年相比增幅较小;溶解性总氮(DTN)释放通量在11. 71～14. 15 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),其中有机氮(DON)释放通量在6. 39～8. 42mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),占DTN的58%,无机氮(DIN)释放通量在5. 31～5. 73 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),占DTN的42%;溶解性总磷(DTP)释放通量在0. 11～0. 14 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),无机磷(DIP)释放通量在0. 07～0. 09 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),占DTP的66%,有机磷(DOP)释放通量在0. 04～0. 05 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),占DTP的34%.②洱海沉积物氮磷释放通量空间差异也较大,其中氮释放通量呈南部北部中部趋势,磷释放通量表现为北部中部南部趋势; 2009、2013和2018年相比,由北向南各湖区氮释放通量增幅分别为17%、13%和23%,磷释放通量增幅分别为19%、28%和29%.③2009、2013和2018年相比,洱海沉积物氮磷含量总体稳定,不是影响其释放通量变化主因,水华高风险期水体pH增加和DO下降是影响沉积物氮磷释放通量变化的重要因素,洱海保护应关注水体环境因子变化导致的沉积物氮磷释放增加问题.     

达里湖表层水体浮游细菌群落结构的夏-冬季节差异

为探索寒旱区湖泊在夏季非冰封开放、冬季冰冻近封闭等状态差异下表水中典型理化指标和浮游细菌群落结构差异,利用2018年7月和2019年1月采集的内蒙古达里湖41个表水(冰)样品,基于16S rRNA高通量测序和典型理化指标含量分析,讨论了浮游细菌群落结构特征及其对氮(N)和磷(P)元素等理化指标的夏-冬季节差异的响应.首先,夏季表水(夏水)中N和P及电导率(EC)等指标参数相对含量明显高于冬季(包含冬季表水-冬水和湖冰-冰体),且Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria和Cyanobacteria等构成夏水、冬水和冰体中广泛存在的优势浮游细菌门类(相对丰度大于1％).不过,夏水中优势浮游细菌门类数量明显多于冬水和冰体,如Deinococcus-Thermus、Tenericutes和Firmicutes等仅在夏水中为优势菌门;其次,夏-冬季环境条件差异,特别是冬季"冰-水"内部状态改变,不仅引起表水富营养化程度明显差异,还导致优势细菌门类对N和P等营养元素及EC、溶解氧(DO)、冰厚(thickness)和化学需氧量(COD)等理化指标变化产生差异性响应.整体上,虽然聚类及分型结果将样品主要分为冰、水两种类别,且冰体中各理化指标参数对优势菌属相对丰度变化的影响最显著,但冰体优势菌属主要受到结冰过程引起的湖泊内部环境(如不同形态P元素迁移和冰厚等)变化的影响,而冬水和夏水优势菌属则受到外部环境[如水深(depth)和溶解性总固体(TDS)等]变化的影响较为明显.     

滇池表层沉积物中重金属污染特征及评价

对1995~2011年滇池表层沉积物中As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Hg等7种重金属的含量及其分布特征进行了分析研究,结果表明,7种重金属元素的平均含量均明显高于云南省土壤背景值,10个沉积物采样点S1~S10均已受到不同程度的重金属污染,其中,草海的污染程度高于外海;相关性和主成份分析结果显示,滇池沉积物中As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn可能具有相同的污染来源。采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对1995~2011年滇池表层沉积物重金属污染状况进行了评价,结果表明,草海表层沉积物中重金属Igeo年均值在0.41~4.44之间,按污染等级划分,除Cr属"轻度"外,其它重金属元素均处于"中度"到"偏重度"污染;同期外海表层沉积物中重金属的Igeo年均值在0.41~2.59之间,Cd和Pb分别属于"中度"和"偏中度"污染,其它5种金属属于"轻度"污染,草海沉积物重金属的污染程度高于外海。草海7种重金属元素的RI均值为861.3,潜在生态危害达到了"严重"程度,各金属的生态危害程度顺序为Cd > Hg > As > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cr,Cd和Hg是主要的重金属生态危害因子;同期外海RI均值为236.4,达到"中等"生态危害程度,各金属的生态危害程度顺序为Cd > Hg > Pb > As > Cu > Cr > Zn,Cd是主要的重金属生态危害污染物。     

巢湖湖滨带植被特征及其退化原因分析研究

于2009年和2010年对巢湖湖滨带植被进行了详细踏查,结果表明:(1)植被群落结构单一,多样性较差,大都集中分布于浅水、河口、滩地,受水质和水位影响显著;(2)挺水植物有5科6属6种,以芦苇(Phrag-mites australis)为优势种;(3)浮叶植物3科3属3种;以野菱(Trapa incisa)和荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)为优势种;(4)漂浮植物2科2属2种;主要是凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)和浮萍(Lemna minor);(5)沉水植物4科5属8种;以马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)为优势种;(6)湿生和陆生植物27科76属101种;以禾本科为主,菊科、蓼科植物次之。调查结果与历史资料(1954年-2007年)对比,得出巢湖流域土地利用格局、江湖建闸等水利工程、围湖造田与堤坝建设等人为活动以及富营养化与蓝藻水华等综合因素严重破坏了巢湖湖滨带健康的生态系统,加剧了湖滨带植被的衰退。本研究可为巢湖湖滨带植被的恢复提供理论指导。     

阳宗海砷浓度与浮游植物的变化分析

通过对2007--2011年阳宗海砷浓度和藻类数量、种类变化数据的研究,分析砷浓度对藻类的影响。     

青海湖湖水性质、颗粒物沉积通量季节和年际变化——来自沉积物捕获器的研究

本文通过在青海湖南盆沉积中心试验性放置的Mark 8-13型时间序列沉积物捕获器所收集到的为期15个月的自然沉降颗粒物,分析了颗粒物沉积通量和物质组成,结合温盐传感器（CTD）所记录湖水参数数据的分析,讨论了青海湖上部10 m左右湖水中所发生沉积作用的季节与年际变化特征及其与环境参数的相互关系。结果表明,采集期间所沉降的总颗粒物具有显著季节和年际变化特征,其平均年沉降通量为112 g·m^-2·yr^-1,其组成主要是自生碳酸盐（高Mg方解石、文石）、生物壳体（介形虫、硅藻等）等内生作用形成的物质,以及少量的碎屑矿物。与实时监测的湖水参数比较表明,具有显著季节和年际变化的青海湖内生物质通量变化主要受控于夏季温度的变化。其沉积机制为：湖水温度的升高,有利于高Mg方解石和文石等自生矿物从碳酸盐过饱和的碱性湖水中结晶沉淀（盐度降低）,也有利于藻类和介形虫等微体生物大量繁殖,表现为温度偏高的2010年比2011年具有较低的湖水盐度和高得多的沉积通量。因此,青海湖自生碳酸盐沉淀通量可以用来反映湖水盐度和/或温度的变化,尽管这些内生作用形成的物质可能只约占到湖底沉积物的5%~20%。为更全面地了解青海湖现代沉积过程,有必要在更多点位、不同的深度进行长期放置捕获器和实时监测湖水参数变化。     

2005年以来青海湖水位持续回升的原因分析

地处干旱-半干旱过渡带的青海湖现代和历史时期生态环境变化一直受到关注,特别是2005年以来水位和湖面的逆转回升促使我们重新审视全球变暖情形下我国北方气候和环境的变化及其趋势。本文利用高分辨率的河水化学、（次）降水量和径流量等数据,探讨了2005年以来青海湖湖水的来源和水位持续回升的原因。结果表明,1959年以来青海湖水位的变化与降水量和径流量紧密相关;近些年的持续回升则主要取决于全球增暖情形下区域夏季降水强度和降水量的同时增加,地表径流和/或地下水补给起着一定作用,而冰川融水的贡献则十分有限。我们认为2005年以来青海湖水位持续回升是全球增暖情形下区域降雨模式的改变、降水量和径流量增加,以及流域植被生态改善的综合效应。     

Temporal and spatial changes in nutrients and chlorophyll-a in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China: An 11-year investigation

Temporal and spatial changes of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China, were investigated using monthly monitoring data from 2001 through 2011. The results showed that the annual mean concentration ranges of TN, TP, and Chl-a were 0.08-14.60 mg/L, 0.02-1.08 mg/L, and 0.10-465.90 μg/L, respectively. Our data showed that Lake Chaohu was highly eutrophic and that water quality showed no substantial improvement during 2001 through 2011. The mean concentrations of TP, TN and Chl-a in the western lake were significantly higher than in the eastern lake, which indicates a spatial distribution of the three water parameters. The annual mean ratio of TN:TP by weight ranged from 10 to 20, indicating that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in this lake. A similar seasonality variation for TP and Chl-a was observed. Riverine TP and NH₄⁺ loading from eight major tributaries were in the range of 1.56×10⁴-5.47×10⁴ and 0.19×10⁴-0.51×10⁴ tons/yr over 2002-2011, respectively, and exceeded the water environmental capability of the two nutrients in the lake by a factor of 3-6. Thus reduction of nutrient loading in the sub-watershed and tributaries would be essential for the restoration of Lake Chaohu.     

Influence of Chironomid Larvae on oxygen and nitrogen fluxes across the sediment-water interface (Lake Taihu, China)

The microscale distribution of oxygen,the nitrogen flux and the denitrification rates in sediment inhabited by chironomid larvae(Tanypus chinensis) were measured in eutrophic Lake Taihu,China.The presence of the chironomids in the sediment increased the oxygen diffusional flux from 10.4 ± 1.4 to 12.7 ± 2.5 mmol O 2 /(m 2 ·day).The burrows of the larvae represented "hot spots" and strongly influenced the nitrogen cycles and diagenetic activity in the sediment.The results indicate that the bioturbation effects of Tanypus chinensis chironomid larvae increased the capacity of the sediment as a sink for nitrate and a source for ammonium.Nitrate influx and ammonium outflux were increased 8.8 and 1.7 times,respectively.Under bioturbation,the amount of nitrate consumed was greater than the amount of ammonium released.The total denitrification rate was also enhanced from 0.76 ± 0.34 to 5.50 ± 1.30 mmol N/(m 2 ·day).The net effect was that the bioturbated sediments acted as a net sink for inorganic nitrogen under direct and indirect bioturbation effects compared to the control.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu I: Chemical forms and their transformation

Organic phosphorus(nonreactive P,NRP)is a major component of P in sediments,but information about its chemical forms and dynamic transformation is limited.The chemical forms and dynamic behaviors of NRP in a sediment profile from Lake Taihu,a freshwater and eutrophic lake in China,were investigated.Five forms of NRP in the sediments were extracted based on a chemical fractionation technique,including easily labile NRP(NaHCO3-NRP),reactive metal oxide-bound NRP(HCl-NRP),humic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPHA),fulvic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPFA)and residual NRP(Res-TP).There were notable transformations with increasing sediment depth from the labile NaHCO3-NRP and NaOH-NRP pools to the recalcitrant HCl-NRP and Res-TP pools,which caused the NRP to become increasingly recalcitrant as the early diagenetic processes proceeded.Further analyses showed that the relative changes in contents of organic matter and reactive Fe oxides in the sediment profile triggered a competition for binding NRP fractions and led to the transformation of NRP.The results highlighted the importance of abiotic processes in regulating the diagenesis of organic P and its stability in sediments.