Emission Patterns under Alternative Congestion and Motor Vehicle Pollution Mitigation Policies in Shanghai

As a megacity with thriving economy, Shanghai is experiencing rapid motorisation and confronted with traffic congestion problems despite its low car ownership. It is of value to look into the policies on emission control of motor vehicle and congestion reduction in such a city to explore how to reconcile mobility enhancement with the environment. Results of a dynamic simulation displayed time paths of emissions from motor vehicles in Shanghai over the period from 2000 to 2020. The simulation results showed that early policies on emission control of motor vehicle could bring about far-reaching effects on emission reduc- tion, and take advantage of available low-polluting technologies and technical innovation over time. Travel demand management would play an important role in curbing congestion and reducing motor vehicle pollution by calming down car ownership rise and deterring inefficient trips as well as reducing fuel waste caused by congestion.     

“绿色”滨江商务区建设思路初探以武汉市青山区滨江商务区为例

随着城市经济发展,城市空间结构改变,滨江地带的多功能、高密度开发成为必然趋势。滨江商务区的前期设计阶段既要重视其概念性城市设计和规划,又要有具体技术手段体现其“绿色”。以武汉市青山区滨江商务区为例,就如何体现“绿色”理念提出一些具体技术手段,为政府提供一些可供参考的建设思路。     

Using revealed preferences to estimate the Value of Travel Time to recreation sites

The opportunity Value of Travel Time (VTT) is one of the most important elements of the total cost of recreation day-trips and arguably the most difficult to estimate. Most studies build upon the theoretical framework proposed by Becker (1965) by using a combination of revealed and stated preference data to estimate a value of time which is uniform in all activities and under all circumstances. This restriction is relaxed by DeSerpa's (1971) model which allows the value of saving time to be activity-specific. We present the first analysis which uses actual driving choices between open access and toll roads to estimate a VTT specific for recreation trips, thereby providing a value which conforms to both Becker's and DeSerpa's theoretical models. Using these findings we conduct a Monte Carlo simulation to identify generalizable results for subsequent valuation studies. Our results indicate that 3/4 of the wage rate provides a reasonable approximation of the average VTT for recreation trips, while the commonly implemented assumption of 1/3 of the wage rate generates downward biased results.     

旅游安全事故应急救援预案研究

结合旅游业的特点,研究了旅游安全事故应急救援预案。为此,首要任务是从旅游“六大要素”中辩识危险源,将多种安全事故处置统一归并到市应急联动指挥中心,建立“三合一”(匪警110、火警119、交警122)统一的特服号码。强调无论发生什么样的旅游安全事故,出现在事故现场的首批应急人员基本相同;不同事故,其应急功能也基本类似。只有这样,才能将旅游安全事故造成的损失降低到最低限度。     

Assessing carbon footprint in the life cycle of accommodation services: the case of an international tourist hotel

The accommodation sector is the most demanding energy consumer among all building stock categories. This study quantifies an international tourist hotel in Taiwan to holistically estimate the greenhouse gas emissions of hotel accommodation services through a complete life cycle inventory. The study also investigates the difference between the carbon emissions of the baseline and reduction years to understand the effects of carbon emission reduction on the hotel industry. Results show that energy consumption is the main source of carbon footprint. However, the carbon emissions of other activities, such as the production and transportation of hotel amenities and laundry services, are 15.90% for the baseline year and 16.03% for the reduction year. These values are larger than the 5% cutoff rule according to PAS 2050. Thus, these factors should also be considered in assessing the carbon emissions of accommodation services. Hotel occupancy rate significantly affects carbon emissions during a one-night stay in a standard room as the functional unit. The selection of the functional unit should be considered in the hotel strategy. Although this case study involves an international tourist hotel in Taiwan, the findings and recommendations for improvements can be applied elsewhere.     

上海市居民出行方式与城市交通CO2排放及减排对策

以上海市居民出行方式为研究对象,利用联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)温室气体排放计算指南中关于交通能源消费碳排放量的计算方法,探讨2002—2006年上海市居民出行选择的不同交通方式对CO₂排放的影响和规律,并提供应对策略.结果表明,2002年以来上海市因居民出行导致的交通CO₂排放总量呈显著增长趋势.私家车的CO₂排放量增加速度最快,截至2006年私家车CO₂排放量约相当于出租车、轨道交通和公交车3种公共交通方式之和.公共交通中,出租车的CO₂年排放量和人均CO₂排放量都最大,轨道交通的CO₂年排放量和人均CO₂排放量最小.公交车和出租车的CO₂排放量所占比例减少,轨道交通的CO₂排放量所占比例增加,这种排放结构的变化有利于减少CO₂排放总量.CO₂减排的具体措施包括限制私家车数量,设计合理的道路交通方案,使汽车尽可能接近其经济车速,改变汽车燃料种类等,其中限制私家车数量最为关键.      

The spatial scale of organic chemicals in multimedia fate modeling. Recent developments and significance for chemical assessment

In the last years, the spatial range (SR) or characteristic travel distance (CTD) of organic chemicals has found increasing scientific interest as an indicator of the long-range transport (LRT) potential and, in combination with persistence, as a kind of 'hazard' indicator on the exposure level. This development coincides with European debates about more effective and more preventive approaches to the chemicals assessment, and about an international, legally-binding instrument for the phase out of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Persistence and LRT potential are important issues in these debates. Here, the development of the concept of assessing the spatial scale from early ideas in the 1970s and 1980s to recent studies in the field of multimedia fate and transport modeling is summarized. Different approaches to the modeling of environmental transport (advective and dispersive) and different methods for quantifying the SR or CTD are compared. Relationships between SR or CTD and different persistence measures are analyzed. Comparison of these relationships shows that conclusions for chemical assessment should be based on an evaluation of different persistence and spatial scale measures. The use of SR or CTD and persistence as hazard indicators in the chemicals assessment is illustrated.     

中国(芜湖)旅博会对芜湖旅游业发展的影响

作为中国旅游知名品牌的芜湖旅博会,由于集中展示了中国旅游的最新成果,在国内旅游业同类会展中极具影响力。芜湖市应当借助旅博会的品牌效应,推动芜湖市旅游业向专业化、国际化发展,同时加快建设旅游产业体系,全面提升芜湖市旅游业的品牌,加速芜湖市旅游业的发展。     

从"乡土情结"看农家乐的发展走向——以南充市近郊农家乐为例

乡村旅游是现代生态旅游的重要组成部分,农家乐是近20年我国发展最为迅速的乡村旅游形式之一。首先分析了“乡土情结”的由来和与农家乐旅游的紧密联系,进而指出“乡土情结”是旅游者到农家乐去旅游的根本动机,它具体体现在中国人身上就是“土地情结”和“家乡情结”。在此基础上,剖析了农家乐旅游者由“情结”产生的旅游动机和旅游偏好。这类旅游者势必要求体验原汁原味的农家生活情趣,借以慰藉自己的“乡土情结”;然后对南充市近郊农家乐的发展现状和存在的误区进行诊断,以此对南充市近郊农家乐的发展走向提出建议,那就是“走原味之路”。     

中国发展低碳经济的若干思考

全球气候变化是世界面临的最严峻的环境问题,中国作为发展中国家及温室气体排放大国。急需探索出适合中国发展的低碳之路。中国碳排放总量持续增加,且以工业碳排放为主,严重威胁中国的环境安全与能源安全。中国发展低碳经济主要面临低碳理论欠缺、能源利用效率低、经济发展粗放、以煤炭为主的能源结构等问题．可以从健全相关的政策体系、研发低碳技术和低碳产品、加强公众参与、加强国际合作及树立示范等方面去探索适合中国的低碳经济发展模式。