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排序方式: 共有373条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
综述了微生物絮凝剂产生菌筛选和培育方面的研究进展,介绍了微生物絮凝剂在给水和饮用水、乳化液的油水分离、污水处理等领域的应用,以及廉价培养基的探索实践。提出针对影响微生物絮凝剂产生菌生长代谢的环境条件开展深入研究,同时寻找或设计廉价培养基,降低生产成本,推动其工业化应用。 相似文献
72.
David M. Oliver Nick D. Hanley Melanie van Niekerk David Kay A. Louise Heathwaite Sharyl J. M. Rabinovici Julie L. Kinzelman Lora E. Fleming Jonathan Porter Sabina Shaikh Rob Fish Sue Chilton Julie Hewitt Elaine Connolly Andy Cummins Klaus Glenk Calum McPhail Eric McRory Alistair McVittie Amanna Giles Suzanne Roberts Katherine Simpson Dugald Tinch Ted Thairs Lisa M. Avery Andy J. A. Vinten Bill D. Watts Richard S. Quilliam 《Ambio》2016,45(1):52-62
The use of molecular tools, principally qPCR, versus traditional culture-based methods for quantifying microbial parameters (e.g., Fecal Indicator Organisms) in bathing waters generates considerable ongoing debate at the science–policy interface. Advances in science have allowed the development and application of molecular biological methods for rapid (~2 h) quantification of microbial pollution in bathing and recreational waters. In contrast, culture-based methods can take between 18 and 96 h for sample processing. Thus, molecular tools offer an opportunity to provide a more meaningful statement of microbial risk to water-users by providing near-real-time information enabling potentially more informed decision-making with regard to water-based activities. However, complementary studies concerning the potential costs and benefits of adopting rapid methods as a regulatory tool are in short supply. We report on findings from an international Working Group that examined the breadth of social impacts, challenges, and research opportunities associated with the application of molecular tools to bathing water regulations. 相似文献
73.
Source water protection planning (SWPP) is an approach to prevent contamination of ground and surface water in watersheds where these resources may be abstracted for drinking or used for recreation. For SWPP the hazards within a watershed that could contribute to water contamination are identified together with the pathways that link them to the water resource. In rural areas, farms are significant potential sources of pathogens. A risk-based index can be used to support the assessment of the potential for contamination following guidelines on safety and operational efficacy of processes and practices developed as beneficial approaches to agricultural land management. Evaluation of the health risk for a target population requires knowledge of the strength of the hazard with respect to the pathogen load (massxconcentration). Manure handling and on-site wastewater treatment systems form the most important hazards, and both can comprise confined and unconfined source elements. There is also a need to understand the modification of pathogen numbers (attenuation) together with characteristics of the established pathways (surface or subsurface), which allow the movement of the contaminant species from a source to a receptor (water source). Many practices for manure management have not been fully evaluated for their impact on pathogen survival and transport in the environment. A key component is the identification of potential pathways of contaminant transport. This requires the development of a suitable digital elevation model of the watershed for surface movement and information on local groundwater aquifer systems for subsurface flows. Both require detailed soils and geological information. The pathways to surface and groundwater resources can then be identified. Details of land management, farm management practices (including animal and manure management) and agronomic practices have to be obtained, possibly from questionnaires completed by each producer within the watershed. To confirm that potential pathways are active requires some microbial source tracking. One possibility is to identify the molecular types of Escherichia coli present in each hazard on a farm. An essential part of any such index is the identification of mitigation strategies and practices that can reduce the magnitude of the hazard or block open pathways. 相似文献
74.
Hu Z 《Chemosphere》2008,72(2):312-318
The biokinetics of attached and suspended bacteria are an essential component of activated sludge models, anaerobic digestion models and biofilm models. These parameters are often assumed or “confirmed” based on the goodness-of-fit of the bioprocess models. Using a microbial fuel cell with a baffled reactor chamber, the attached- and mixed-growth microbial decay coefficients were evaluated under anaerobic conditions. The capability for real-time voltage recording allows easy and accurate measurement of the anaerobic microbial decay coefficients (bL, lysis-regrowth approach), which were determined to be 0.11 ± 0.01 and 0.15 ± 0.01 d−1 for attached (to anode) and mixed (present in the anode chamber) growth microorganisms, respectively. The corresponding half-saturation constants using glucose as a substrate were 204 ± 10 and 123 ± 1 mg COD l−1. Hence, like an oxygen uptake rate-based approach to measure the microbial kinetics under aerobic conditions, the electrochemical recording provides an attractive method to measure anaerobic microbial decay coefficients. 相似文献
75.
Fecal source tracking by antibiotic resistance analysis on a watershed exhibiting low resistance 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The ongoing development of microbial source tracking has made it possible to identify contamination sources with varying accuracy,
depending on the method used. The purpose of this study was to test the efficiency of the antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA)
method under low resistance by tracking the fecal sources at Turkey Creek, Oklahoma exhibiting this condition. The resistance
patterns of 772 water-isolates, tested with nine antibiotics, were analyzed by discriminant analysis (DA) utilizing a five-source
library containing 2250 isolates. The library passed various representativeness tests; however, two of the pulled-sample tests
suggested insufficient sampling. The resubstitution test of the library individual sources showed significant isolate misclassification
with an average rate of correct classification (ARCC) of 58%. These misclassifications were explained by low antibiotic resistance
(Wilcoxon test P < 0.0001). Seasonal DA of stream E. coli isolates for the pooled sources human/livestock/deer indicated that in fall, the human source dominated (P < 0.0001) at a rate of 56%, and that human and livestock respective contributions in winter (35 and 39%), spring (43 and
40%), and summer (37 and 35%) were similar. Deer scored lower (17–28%) than human and livestock at every season. The DA was
revised using results from a misclassification analysis to provide a perspective of the effect caused by low antibiotic resistance
and a more realistic determination of the fecal source rates at Turkey Creek. The revision increased livestock rates by 13–14%
(0.04 ≤ P ≤ 0.06), and decreased human and deer by 6–7%. Negative misclassification into livestock was significant (0.04 ≤ P ≤ 0.06). Low antibiotic resistance showed the greatest effect in this category. 相似文献
76.
The microbiological contamination of waterways by pathogenic microbes has been, and is still, a persistent public safety concern
in the United States and in most countries of the world. As most enteric pathogens are transmitted through the fecal–oral
route, fecal pollution is generally regarded as the major contributor of pathogens to waterways. Fecal pollution of waterways
can originate from wastewater treatment facilities, septic tanks, domestic- and wild-animal feces, and pets. Because enteric
pathogens are derived from human or animal sources, techniques capable of identifying and apportioning fecal sources have
been intensively investigated for use in remediation efforts and to satisfy regulatory concerns. Pollution of human origin
is of the most concern, since human feces is more likely to contain human-specific enteric pathogens. Fecal indicator bacteria
have been used successfully as the primary tool for microbiologically based risk assessment. However measurement of fecal
indicator bacteria does not define what pathogens are present, or define the sources of these bacteria. Microbial source tracking
(MST) methods that have the ability to differentiate among sources of fecal pollution are currently under development. These
methods will ultimately be useful for risk assessment purposes and to aid regulatory agencies in developing strategies to
remediate microbiologically impaired waterways. 相似文献
77.
Swimming pools adopt chlorination to ensure microbial safety. Giardia has attracted attention in swimming pool water because of its occurrence, pathogenicity, and chlorine resistance. To control Giardia concentrations in pool water and reduce the microbial risk, higher chlorine doses are required during disinfection. Unfortunately, this process produces carcinogenic disinfection byproducts that increase the risk of chemical exposure. Therefore, quantitatively evaluating the comparative microbial... 相似文献
78.
应用PFU法监测印染废水净化效能的研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
应用PFU法对印染废水净化效能进行了监测。结果表明:微型生物群落的结构参数和功能参数均较好地反映了印染废水的净化效能,水体流速对群集速度有一定的影响。 相似文献
79.
80.