浅谈水质在线监控中遥感技术的应用

空间信息技术以及计算机技术的发展，给环境监控提供了先进、快速和科学的方法。其中，遥感技术由于能够快速、宏观地获得所监控区域的数据，近年来已逐渐成为环境监控系统中的重要技术手段。遥感信息是被控区域的电磁辐射能量及其结构特征与时空状态在遥感图像上的表现。今后，遥感技术、在线监控系统和地理信息系统等多种信息处理工具的结合将是环境信息监控系统发展的主要方向。     

催化还原SO2为单质硫技术的研究进展

催化还原法脱硫是一种能够直接回收单质硫的烟气脱硫(FGD)技术,近年来倍受关注.尽管催化还原法脱硫技术所采用的催化剂的种类繁多,但是该技术所采用的还原剂的种类却相对较少.以H2、C、CH4、NH3和CO 5种还原剂为分类标准,综述了催化还原SO2为单质硫技术的主要研究成果;讨论了相关催化剂的性质和催化反应机理;分析了不同还原脱硫技术的优缺点.最后,论述了催化还原法脱硫有待解决的关键问题与发展趋势.     

Fish bioassay monitoring of waste effluents

Spills of toxic materials into bodies of water receiving industrial waste discharges can be prevented only if frequent or continuous assessments of effluent quality can be made. Currently available methods can automatically measure individual physical or chemical waste components but cannot assess toxicity caused by the interaction of components or the presence of an unsuspected material. Aquatic organisms, in contrast, respond to their total environment and in this way integrate the effects of all the various chemical and physical waste parameters.This study evaluates the possibility of using the continuously and automatically recorded responses of fish to monitor the toxicity of industrial waste effluents. A review of previously developed toxicity monitoring systems is followed by a field evaluation of a method that uses the computer-monitored ventilatory patterns of 12 bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) to monitor the toxicity of an industrial waste effluent as it flows into a river. No known toxic spills occurred in the effluent during the operation of this system, but acetone added to the effluent waste caused responses from the fish at concentrations which peaked near the 96-hr LC₅₀ level. Some responses were also noted when no known toxicant was present; these were related to environmental disturbances and system design problems. Recommendations are made for the design of future biologic monitoring units.     

Time series in M dimensions: The one-dimensional case: Pollution in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal

A nonstationary time-series model is used to examine the changes occurring at sampling stations on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. Using data from upstream sampling sites, downstream levels of dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, nitrates and nitrites, and ammonia are accurately predicted. The method is simple, insensitive to extreme values, and responsive to changes in the system.     

Sample intake position and loading rates from nonpoint source pollution

Paired water samples were simultaneously activated from two different vertical positions within the approach section of a flow-control structure to determine the effect of sample intake position on nonpoint runoff parameter concentrations and subsequent event loads. Suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP) and organic plus exchangeable nitrogen [(Or+Ex)-N] were consistently higher throughout each runoff event when sampled from the floor of the approach section as opposed to those samples taken at midstage. Dissolved molybdate reactive phosphorus (DMRP) and ammonium (NH₄-N) concentrations did not appear to be significantly affected by the vertical difference in intake position. However, the nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen [(NO₃+NO₂)-N] concentrations were much higher when sampled from the midstage position.Although the concentration differences between the two methods were not appreciable, when evaluated in terms of event loads, discrepancies were evident for all parameters. Midstage sampling produced event loads for SS, TP, (Or + Ex)–N, DMRP, NH₄-N, and (NO₃+NO₂)-N that were 44,39,35,80,71, and 181%, respectively, of floor sampling loads. Differences in loads between the two methods are attributed to the midstage position, sampling less of the bed load. The correct position will depend on the objective; however, such differences should be recognized during the design phase of the monitoring program.This work was supported by the Soil Science Department, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V., Chicago, Illinois (Grant No. G005139-01).     

Ambient carbon monoxide monitoring and instrumentation

The information presented in this paper is directed to air pollution engineers who are concerned with monitoring Carbon Monoxide. This paper evaluates systems for CO sampling under conditions where the receptor is located at intersections within 40 meters of the road edge. Non-Dispersive Infrared and electrochemical analysis techniques are used in conjunction with continuous recording, continuous bag sampling, and meter readings at 5 second intervals. The relative accuracy of each system is examined and the conditions for which each system is best suited are described.     

Breaking barriers for a bio-based economy: Interactive reflection on monitoring water quality

In a transition to a bio-based economy new ways of monitoring waste-streams and water quality can then contribute to sustainable production processes. As niche innovation, new ways of monitoring face systemic barriers. The present article examines how barriers to change manifest in discursive practices with differing normative attachments and implications. A frame analysis revealed two competing frames: (1) the dominant ‘norm water’ frame in which thresholds of chemical compounds are used to set policy targets; and (2) the contesting ‘living water’ frame, which entails innovative continuous monitoring tools that take into account the ecological effects of chemical compounds. We introduce the concept of interactive reflectivity, as a discursive tool, to collaboratively visualize, scrutinize and overcome discursive barriers to innovations. The stakeholder dialogue shows how systemic barriers are uttered discursively in niches – or other forms of responsible research and innovation – and may hinder change even at the niche-level.     

农用地资源修正法定级之技术路线探讨——以佛山市高明区为例

目前我国农用地资源定级很少运用修正法,少数学者对修正法定级做过尝试性的实证研究工作,以期探讨修正法定级技术路线的科学性与可行性.在前人研究的基础上,以佛山高明区为例,探讨了修正法定级之修正基础的确定、修正因素的选择、修正系数的计算、定级指数的确定等几个关键技术步骤,提出了以农用地自然质量等指数作为修正基础,采用标准化方法对修正因素分值进行订正,用连乘法计算农用地质量定级指数来划分农用地级别的修正法定级的技术路线,并与因素法定级的成果进行对比分析与验证.     

A review of Australian approaches for monitoring,assessing and reporting estuarine condition: II. State and Territory programs

In contrast to Europe, the USA and South Africa, Australia has no specific, overarching federal legislation to underpin a nationally-coordinated framework for monitoring, assessing and reporting estuarine condition. This has resulted in a complex mosaic of diverse approaches and governance structures, hindering the ability to make inter-State comparisons. In this second part of a comprehensive three-part review, we present a systematic appraisal of current and impending approaches for measuring and reporting estuarine condition in each of Australia’s States and Territories. A concise summary is provided in each case, supported by extensive appendices containing detailed accounts of relevant monitoring and reporting programs. We synthesise and evaluate this output at the State/Territory level, highlighting areas of improvement and major gaps.     

石英砂加工企业职业病危害防护措施与管理对策研究

通过对安徽省石英砂加工企业生产工艺流程和现场进行调查分析,得出矽尘和噪声是两种最主要的职业病危害因素,发现石英砂生产企业矽尘和噪声危害十分严重,生产作业现场未配备任何防护装备和个人防护用品,作业人员接触职业病危害的比率非常高。分析了石英砂加工企业在职业病危害防护与管理方面的欠缺与不足,提出了针对矽尘和噪声危害因素的具体工程防护措施与管理对策,从源头控制和消除职业病危害,保护劳动者的生命安全与健康。