毛细管胶束电动色谱柱端安培检测对氧磷、甲基对硫磷、乙基对硫磷、扑灭松

用毛细管胶束电动色谱柱端安培检测的方法对对氧磷、甲基对硫磷、乙基对硫磷、扑灭松等四种常见有机磷农药进行了分离检测,对缓冲液种类、离子浓度、pH值、胶束浓度、电极的检测电势等检测条件进行了最佳优化。结果表明,此方法对四种农药的质量检测限较气相色谱法低3～4个数量级,并将用于地表水样品的检测。     

Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Two Arable Soils from the Semi-Arid and Subtropical Regions of China

The residues of 31 chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs), 25 chlorophenols (CPs), 30 organophosphorus (OP) and pyrethroid (PRT) in two arable soils from the semi-arid and subtropical regions of China were assessed. Data obtained indicate that the main compounds of CHC pesticide residues in the semi-arid soil were 4,4′-DDE (25.3 ng/g) and β-HCH (14.1 ng/g), which totally accounted to about 90% of total CHC residues detected. The total content of CHC residues detected in the subtropical soil was only 3.1 ng/g, of which approximately 50% was β-HCH. However, the total content of CP residues in both of the soils was about 11 ng/g. In the semi-arid soil, only parathion-methyl amongst the 30 compounds of OP and PRT residues was detected (32.5 ng/g), whilst malathion and parathion-methyl (8.7 and 17.7 ng/g, respectively) detected in the subtropical soil. Based on these results, it was suggested the environmental risk of pesticide residues ranked in an order as CHCs (mainly as 4,4′-DDE, β-HCH) > OP (parathion-methyl) > CPs for the semi-arid soil, and as OPs (parathion-methyl and malathion) > CPs > CHCs (β-HCH) for the subtropical soil.     

单甲脒杀虫剂的污染生态效应与控制对策

扼要地介绍了我国９０年代农药污染现状及新型农药单甲脒杀虫剂在果园、棉田中的杀虫效果，评价了该杀虫剂对陆生和水生生态系统的影响，提出了农药污染的生态调控与对策。     

Stimulation of reductive dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene in soil by inducing the native microbial activity

The reductive dechlorination and behaviour of ¹⁴C-hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was investigated in an arable soil. The activity of the native anaerobic microbial communities could be induced by saturating the soil with water. Under these conditions high rates of dechlorination were observed. After 20 weeks of incubation only 1% of the applied ¹⁴C-HCB could be detected in the fraction of extractable residues. Additional organic substances, like wheat straw and lucerne straw, however considerably delayed and reduced the dechlorination process in the soil. The decline of HCB was not only caused by dechlorination but also by the formation of non-extractable residues, whereby their amounts varied with time depending on the experimental conditions. Several dechlorination products were detected, indicating the following main HCB transformation pathway: HCB → PCB → 1,2,3,5-TeCB → 1,3,5-TCB → 1,3-DCB, with 1,3,5-TCB as main intermediate dechlorination product. The other TeCB-, TCB- and DCB-isomers were also detected in low amounts, showing the presence of more than one dechlorination pathway. Since the methane production rates were lowest when the dechlorination rates were highest, it can be assumed that methanogenic bacteria were not involved in the dechlorination process of HCB. The established ¹⁴C-mass balances show, that with increasing dechlorination and incubation times, the ¹⁴C-recoveries decreased.     

兼氧-好氧工艺处理农药生产废水

介绍了农药废水采用“兼氧池＋生物滤塔”和“ICEAS（周期循环延时）曝气”二级生物处理工艺实践的实例．处理能力为900t／d。总投资300万元。通过试运行，废水达到国家排放标准，可应用于生产实践，满足生产要求。     

有机磷农药残留检测技术研究进展

综述了近年来有机磷农药残留检测技术的研究进展,其检测方法主要有色谱法、降解酶法、化学发光技术和生物传感技术.详细介绍了几种生物传感器(如酶传感器、微生物传感器、免疫传感器、压电传感器、纳米传感器和液晶型化学传感器)在有机磷农药检测中的应用,并展望了这一领域的发展趋势.     

化学农药对环境的危害及其防止对策的探讨

农药主要表现在对土壤、水体和大气的污染，对鸟类、昆虫及农产品品质的影响。针对农药对现实生态环境的破坏，我国应从完善法规管理，加强执法力度，淘汰高毒农药，发展绿色化学农药，加强技术培训，科学施用农药，提高测报水平，合理选用农药，综合防治，修复和预防并用等方面采取措施，解决农药污染问题。     

一株纤维素分解茵利用枳实废渣产酶条件的研究

以枳实废渣为碳源，对产纤维素酶G2茵进行固体发酵，通过测定FPA、CMC、C1酶活的大小，对其产酶条件进行优化研究。结果表明产酶最适条件为：枳实在发酵前需进行酸处理；氮源为硫酸铵；含水率为70％；初始pH为5～6；发酵周期为6天。在以上最适条件下，G2菌酶活力为FPA：31．8IU／ml，CMC：11．86IU／ml，C1：15．79IU／ml。     

农药残毒速测箱的研制和应用

近年来,因食用受农药严重污染的蔬菜水果而造成的急性中毒事故屡有发生.为了保障消费者健康,必须加强农药残留的检测.目前普遍使用的气相色谱法是一种较好的分离测试技术.但因耗费的时间长,不能及时得出结果,难以起到保护消费者健康的作用.因此,迫切需要解决快速检测的问题.文献[1],[2]报道了用化学显色试纸法测定蔬菜中六六六和DDT,但此法不能测定有机磷(OPs)和氨基甲酸酯类农药.美国1985年研制出一种称之为农药检测器(Detector)的酶片(Enzyme Ticket),用来检测水中OPs和氨基甲酸酯农药,其灵敏度在0.1—10ppm范围.在国内尚未见到有类似报道.     

农药微生物降解性与农药疏水性参数间的相关性

在纯培养条件下，产碱菌属广说性降解菌ＹＦ１１对对硫磷，甲基对硫磷，杀螟松，氰戊菊酯，溴氰菊酯，甲氰菊酯，氯氰菊酯，三氟氯氰菊酯，氯菊酯的降解速率的差异主要是由各杀虫剂的疏水性参数的不同引起的，两之间存在较好的相关性：ｌｏｇＫ＝２．２１－０．２６ｌｏｇＫｏｗ，ｒ＝０．９７３９。