Empirical research on construction of a measurement framework for tourism carbon emission in China

According to the logic process of carbon reduction in China which arises from the measurement to reduction, from reduction to offsetting, the measurement of carbon emission in the tourism industry was the first and key step. Based on the life cycle assessment theory and input–output analysis, this article used economic and environmental measurement technologies, The System of National Accounting (SNA), Tourism Satellite Account (TSA), System of Integrated Environment and Economic Accounting (SEEA), and so on, and built up a top-down carbon emission analysis framework for the tourism industry and estimated carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007. The finding showed that the total carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007 was 169.78 million tons, covering 2.71% of carbon emission of all industries in China in 2007, and 2.44% of the total carbon emission in China in 2007. The direct carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007 was 73.56 million tons, including transportation (50.14 million tons), sightseeing (1.33 million tons), lodging (4.19 million tons), accommodation (4.73 million tons), shopping (8.14 million tons), entertainment (0.67 million tons), communication (0.45 million tons), and others (3.90 million tons). The indirect carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007 was 96.23 million tons, mostly contributed by coking, gas, and petroleum processing industries, transportation and warehousing industry, machinery and equipment manufacturing industry, and food manufacturing and tobacco processing industry, which covered 57%.     

北京上甸子大气本底站氢氟碳化物在线观测研究

在北京上甸子区域大气本底站利用气相色谱/质谱联用（GC-MS）系统对大气中11种氢氟碳化物（HFCs）开展在线观测研究.2018年1~12月,HFC-23、HFC-32、HFC-125、HFC-134a、HFC-143a、HFC-152a、HFC-227ea、HFC-236fa、HFC-245fa、HFC-365mfc、HFC-4310mee本底数据浓度分别为：（31.9±0.4）×10^-12、（22.1±1.7）×10^-12、（29.3±1.3）×10^-12、（110.2±2.4）×10^-12、（24.0±0.3）×10^-12、（10.3±0.7）×10^-12、（1.59±0.04）×10^-12、（0.19±0.01）×10^-12、（3.30±0.08）×10^-12、（1.27±0.03）×10^-12、（0.28±0.01）×10^-12;本底数据出现频率分别为：34.5%、23.4%、22.5%、24.6%、24.5%、42.5%、24.3%、46.4%、38.3%、68.1%、77.9%;非本底数据浓度分别为：（39.2±11.1）×10^-12、（47.7±21.8）×10^-12、（38.6±8.7）×10^-12、（137.3±15.7）×10^-12、（26.1±2.2）×10^-12、（15.9±7.0）×10^-12、（2.77±1.11）×10^-12、（0.25±0.06）×10^-12、（4.10±0.97）×10^-12、（1.34±0.06）×10^-12、（0.30±0.01）×10^-12.HFC-32、HFC-125、HFC-134a、HFC-143a、HFC-227ea本底浓度呈线性上升趋势,年增长率分别为：4.4×10^-12,3.8×10^-12,7.3×10^-12,1.0×10^-12,0.14×10^-12a^-1,而HFC-152a呈现明显的季节变化.以CO为示踪物利用示踪物比值相关法估算了HFC-23、HFC-32、HFC-125、HFC-143a、HFC-152a、HFC-236fa、HFC-245fa排放量,分别为6.4,17,14,27,4.0,0.10,1.3kt/a.     

微波链路降水测量技术及应用研究进展综述

在介绍微波链路测雨方法的原理、优势的基础上,重点分析了国内外单频微波链路、双频微波链路和微波链路网反演降水的技术现状,讨论了微波链路在天气雷达衰减订正、降雨场联合重构和暴雨监测预警的应用,最后从测量精度、链路频率、测量要素、测量空间四个方面总结了微波链路大气探测技术的发展方向。     

Development of database of real-world diesel vehicle emission factors for China

A database of real-world diesel vehicle emission factors, based on type and technology, has been developed following tests on more than 300 diesel vehicles in China using a portable emission measurement system. The database provides better understanding of diesel vehicle emissions under actual driving conditions. We found that although new regulations have reduced real-world emission levels of diesel trucks and buses significantly for most pollutants in China,NO_x emissions have been inadequately controlled by the current standards, especially for diesel buses, because of bad driving conditions in the real world. We also compared the emission factors in the database with those calculated by emission factor models and used in inventory studies. The emission factors derived from COPERT (Computer Programmer to calculate Emissions from Road Transport) and MOBILE may both underestimate real emission factors, whereas the updated COPERT and PART5 (Highway Vehicle Particulate Emission Modeling Software) models may overestimate emission factors in China. Real-world measurement results and emission factors used in recent emission inventory studies are inconsistent, which has led to inaccurate estimates of emissions from diesel trucks and buses over recent years. This suggests that emission factors derived from European or US-basedmodels will not truly represent real-world emissions in China. Therefore, it is useful and necessary to conduct systematic real-world measurements of vehicle emissions in China in order to obtain the optimum inputs for emission inventory models.     

Quantification of emission variability for off-road equipment in China based on real-world measurements

• Emissions from 53 in-use diesel-fueled off-road equipment were measured. • There exists a large off-road equipment variability in emissions. • Engine operations have significant impacts on real-world tailpipe emissions. • Emission inventory development should take into account job duties and operations. The objective of this paper is to quantify the variability in emissions of off-road equipment using a portable emission measurement system. A total of 53 commonly used equipment for agriculture, base construction, paving construction, and material handling were selected. Time-based and fuel-based emissions were quantified by different duty and engine modes. Three duty modes (idling, moving, and working) were used. Ten engine modes were defined based on normalized engine revolutions-per-minute and manifold absolute pressure, respectively. Composite emission factors taking into account both duty modes and its corresponding time percentage during a typical duty cycle were estimated. Results showed that there existed a large off-road equipment variability in emissions. Depending on duty and engine modes, time-based NO emissions ranged from 3.1 to 237.9, 29.1‒1475.6, 83.2‒681.6, and 3.2‒385.2 g/h for agriculture, base construction, paving construction and material handling equipment, respectively while for fuel-based NO emissions these ranges were 5.3‒52.0, 11.7‒69.0, 4.8‒30.8, and 11.0‒54.6 g/kg, respectively. Furthermore, emission factors derived from this study exhibited a much larger variability compared to those used in NONROAD by US EPA and National Guideline for Off-road Equipment of China. This implied that localized measurements of emissions are needed for improvement of accuracy of emission inventory. Furthermore, both equipment types and operations should be considered for development of emission inventory and control strategy.     

Measurement of sustainability performance in Brazilian organizations

In recent years, sustainability issues are gaining greater prominence among organizations and their stakeholders around the world. This paper aims to verify the sustainability performance of Brazilian organizations in performance measures and to propose sustainable guidelines with the intention of directing future efforts to the transition to sustainable development. The research utilized a triangulated approach by collecting qualitative and quantitative data acquired through multiple collection methods of a theoretical literature review, documentary analysis of corporate reports, questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews with industry professionals and academic researchers. The results show that internal organizational factors are the main inductors of the sustainable environment in organizations, and sustainability must be tied to strategic planning, starting from upper management to lower levels. It is essential to use sustainable performance measurement systems in order to respond to external and internal levers and serve as benchmarking for future corporate operations and strategies. In addition, it is the responsibility of organizations to focus their efforts on environmental protection, reduction of energy, corporate reputation, quality management, customer satisfaction and investor relations, as they are considered to be more important and have a relationship of dependence on organizational sustainability. The findings will be of value to professionals and academics who want to start measuring and for continuously improving the sustainability performance of their organizations according to the technical, economic, environmental, social and governance dimensions. This research work also helps to understand the perceptions and expectations of stakeholders.     

北京市大气OH自由基测量结果及其特征

利用2种基于高效液相色谱技术的大气OH测量方法测定了北京城市大气中OH自由基,得到了其浓度水平和日变化情况.测得夏季日间最大OH浓度为～8×10⁷ cm^-3,秋季日间最大浓度为2×10⁷～4×10⁷cm^-3,并根据同步测量光强和其它污染物的浓度,分析了OH浓度与这些条件的相关性.结果表明,OH浓度与UV-B相对强度、O₃和HNO₂的浓度具有一定的正相关性     

浅析交通堵塞对成都市城区环境的影响

本文论述了成都市交通稠密区、交通堵塞路段、交通高峰时段机动车尾气对大气环境造成的严重影响,同时分析了交通噪声的污染状况。     

家用空调噪声监测与评价

为解决家用空调器噪声污染纠纷日益增多的问题,以一居民住宅楼为例,对家用空调噪声影响进行了监测与评价,并提出了防治措施。     

用示踪气体稀释法测量房间换气速度

本文介绍了用示踪气体稀释法监测大亚湾核电站附近六类居室换气速度的实验。本法用SF_6作示踪气,气相色谱分析浓度,以示踪气体浓度下降和时间关系,求出换气次数和换气速度。结果表明,六类民房换气速度都较大,换气次数取值老式民房为1.0h~(-1)和2.8h~(-1);新式民房为2.5h~(-1);单身集体宿舍为0.60h~(-1);职工公寓为1.9h~(-1);招待所房间为0.96h~(-1)。