Prospects for a self-sustainable sewage treatment system: a case study on full-scale UASB system in India's Yamuna River Basin

The government of India decided to launch a project to implement 16 full-scale Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors (with a total capacity of 598,000 m(3)/d) in the Yamuna River basin under its Yamuna Action Plan (YAP). A polishing pond called the Final Polishing Unit (FPU) was utilized for post-treatment. This paper evaluates the sewage treatment efficiency of the combined system of full-scale UASB reactors and polishing ponds under Indian climatic conditions. Results have shown that the effluent from the sewage treatment plants (STPs) investigated failed to comply with applicable discharge standards in terms of BOD, SS, and fecal coliform removal. Therefore, it is proposed that such proper operation and maintenance as removing excess sludge and scum be conducted in order to increase treatment efficiency. Moreover, trained and experienced workers are also required to operate and maintain the systems, along with a scientific approach.     

油田修井作业气动卡盘

分析了在石油修井作业过程中造成管钳打伤操作人员的事故原因 ;论述了新型油田修井作业气动卡盘的结构和工作原理。当该气动卡盘用于修井作业后 ,操作人员可坐在作业车驾驶室内操作动力控制阀 ,使气动卡盘卡住或松开油管 ,操作人员不再用人力操作管钳 ,消除了造成管钳打伤操作人员的事故 ,不但保证了安全生产 ,而且使劳动强度也比原来大大减轻 ,产生了显著的经济和社会效益。该气动卡盘与“油田修井液压钳安全自动操作装置”配套使用 ,可实现自动化操作     

污水处理厂提标改造工程实例及运行效果分析

成都天府新区直管区某城市污水处理厂选用AAOA+MBR工艺进行提标改造,通过多点进水,调整回流比,改变碳源补充物质投加方式、投加量等技术改良和参数优化,使出水优质优于设计标准,为老城镇污水处理厂提标改造提供参考。     

上海市环境空气自动监控数据采集系统现状分析与思考

阐述了上海市环境空气自动监控数据采集系统的发展历程，介绍了系统的应用功能，分析了其在管理方式、运行维护、应用扩展等环节存在的问题。建议制定数据采集系统的维护管理与考核制度，统一数据来源与数据使用规则；推广电子化管理，加强突发异常情况的维护；增加仪器状态参数的报警功能及站房环境与门禁系统的监控，丰富现场点检内容，建立可视化运维平台，保障系统平稳运行。     

压力管道施工、检验和使用管理环节的探讨

本文以压力管道相关规范和日常工作实际为基础,对压力管道定义进行剖析,着重从使用单位角度上讨论了压力管道施工、检验和使用管理环节需要了解和注意的问题.通过本文对压力管道各管理环节的阐述,表明了压力管道管理的重要性,它需要各岗位人员意识到压力管道管理方面所承担的责任,需要各部门各岗位通力合作,通过过程管理实现本质安全.     

西部新区试采初期清洁生产实施初探

通过对江苏油田西部新区试采初期不同施工环节中污染源、污染物的分析，针对各种污染物产生的环节，从管理和技术的角度，提出了试采初期实施清洁生产的思路和方法，并对探区的清洁生产长期规划提出了可行性建议。     

城市环境污染治理设施运营管理的探讨

以哈尔滨市为例,现行管理模式存在资金压力运营能力薄弱、工作质量不佳等问题,阻碍环境污染治理工作有效进行。起步较晚的市场化管理模式能够实现环境污染治理设施的正常运转和污染物达标排放,但还处于较低水平,建议通过加强法制建设、建立激励政策、加强对运营机构的监管和采取双赢机制提高环境污染治理设施运营管理的市场化。     

Critical infrastructures and responsibility: A conceptual exploration

In this article some considerations are presented as a starting point for judging responsibility for infrastructural systems from a moral point of view. Infrastructural systems are essential for present day high-tech society. Without good working infrastructural systems people would hardly be able to survive. The importance and relevance of good working critical infrastructures for states and other public authorities are illustrated with some examples. Next, the meaning of the concept of responsibility in relation to infrastructural systems is developed. Outcome responsibility and remedial responsibility – developed in philosophy of law and political philosophy – are elaborated as useful concepts for dealing with responsibilities in infrastructural systems. This analysis is applied to the players on the infrastructural field: governments and other public authorities, non-state institutional actors and last but not least individual agents. In a last paragraph some conclusions are drawn, which can be applied for apportioning responsibility for infrastructures in practice.     

Environmental fate and bioavailability of agent orange and its associated dioxin during the vietnam war

BACKGROUND: In 1996, the Committee on the Assessment of Wartime Exposure to Herbicides in Vietnam of the National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine (IOM) issued a report on an exposure model for use in epidemiological studies of Vietnam veterans. This exposure model would consider troop locations based on military records; aerial spray mission data; estimated ground spraying activity; estimated exposure opportunity factors; military indications for herbicide use; and considerations of the composition and environmental fate of herbicides, including changes in the TCDD content of the herbicides over time, the persistence of TCDD and herbicides in the environment, and the degree of likely penetration of the herbicides into the ground. When the final report of the IOM Committee was released in October 2003, several components of the exposure model envisioned by the Committee were not addressed. These components included the environmental fate of the herbicides, including changes in the TCDD content over time, the persistence of TCDD and herbicides in the environment, and the degree of likely penetration of herbicides into the ground. This paper is intended to help investigators understand better the fate and transport of herbicides and TCDD from spray missions, particularly in performing epidemiological studies. METHODS: This paper reviews the published scientific literature related to the environmental fate of Agent Orange and the contaminant, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and discusses how this affected the potential exposure to TCDD of ground troops in Vietnam. Specifically, the mechanisms of dissipation and degradation as they relate to environmental distribution and bioavailability are addressed. RESULTS: The evaluation of the spray systems used to disseminate herbicides in Vietnam showed that they were capable of highly precise applications both in terms of concentrations sprayed and area treated. Research on tropical forest canopies with leaf area indices (a measure of foliage density) from 2 to 5 indicated that the amount of herbicide and associated TCDD reaching the forest floor would have been between 1 and 6% of the total aerial spray. Studies of the properties of plant surface waxes of the cuticle layer suggested that Agent Orange, including the TCDD, would have dried (i.e., be absorbed into the wax layer of the plant cuticle) upon spraying within minutes and could not be physically dislodged. Studies of Agent Orange and the associated TCDD on both leaf and soil surface have demonstrated that photolysis by sunlight would have rapidly decreased the concentration of TCDD, and this process continued in shade. Studies of 'dislodgeable foliar residues' (DFR, the fraction of a substance that is available for cutaneous uptake from the plant leaves) showed that only 8% of the DFR was present 1 hr after application. This dropped to 1% of the total 24 hrs after application. Studies with human volunteers confirmed that after 2 hrs of saturated contact with bare skin, only 0.15-0.46% of 2,4,5-T, one of the phenoxy acetic acid compounds that was an active ingredient of Agent Orange, entered the body and was eliminated in the urine. CONCLUSIONS: The prospect of exposure to TCDD from Agent Orange in ground troops in Vietnam seems unlikely in light of the environmental dissipation of TCDD, little bioavailability, and the properties of the herbicides and circumstances of application that occurred. Photochemical degradation of TCDD and limited bioavailability of any residual TCDD present in soil or on vegetation suggest that dioxin concentrations in ground troops who served in Vietnam would have been small and indistinguishable from background levels even if they had been in recently treated areas. Laboratory and field data reported in the literature provide compelling evidence on the fate and dislodgeability of herbicide and TCDD in the environment. This evidence of the environmental fate and poor bioavailability of TCDD from Agent Orange is consistent with the observation of little or no exposure in the veterans who served in Vietnam. Appreciable accumulation of TCDD in veterans would have required repeated long-term direct skin contact of the type experienced by United States (US) Air Force RANCH HAND and US Army Chemical Corps personnel who handled or otherwise had direct contact with liquid herbicide, not from incidental exposure under field conditions where Agent Orange had been sprayed.     

城市环保运行机制的设计原则

城市环保在城市建设和居民日常生活中都具有很重要的地位．本文对城市环保工作及其执行部门运行机制设计的原则进行了探索，供环保系统和其它有关部门参考．