中国环境基准研究重点方向探讨

环境基准是环境标准的科学依据,在国家环境质量评价和风险管理体系中处于基础地位。它主要是依据特定对象在环境介质中的暴露数据,以及与环境要素的剂量效应关系数据,通过科学判断得出的,涉及环境化学、毒理学、生态学、流行病学、生物学和风险评估等前沿学科领域。国家环境基准研究是一个长期的系统工程,本文基于环境基准研究的学科特点和国际前沿,结合国家科技需求和相关领域的研究现状,综合分析并提出了未来中国环境基准研究的重点研究方向:1)环境基准的理论与方法学;2)环境基准基础数据库;3)基准目标污染物的筛选甄别和优先排序技术;4)水体营养物基准;5)生物测试与毒性评价技术;6)人体暴露评价理论与相关技术;7)环境基准的审核和校对;8)环境基准与标准转化理论及其对环境管理支撑技术。本文从环境基准学科发展的角度,阐述了与环境基准研究紧密相关的8个重点研究方面的国内外研究进展、关键科学问题以及未来重点研究内容。同时指出,这些重要的研究方向是环境基准研究的根本,未来环境基准的长期战略发展必将是建立在各个重要方向长足发展的基础之上,环境基准研究也必带动这些方向的共同蓬勃发展,为环境地球化学、毒理学、生态学等学科领域发展注入活力。     

Application of cavitational reactors for water disinfection: current status and path forward

Cavitational reactors are a novel and promising form of multiphase reactors, based on the principle of release of large magnitude of energy due to the violent collapse of the cavities. An overview of cavitational reactors in the specific area of water disinfection, in terms of the basic mechanism, different reactor designs including recommendations for optimum operating parameters and applicability of the cavitation phenomena for disinfection of different micro-organisms have been presented. A design of a pilot scale sonochemical reactor has been presented, which forms the basis for development of industrial scale reactors. Economic analysis for comparison of cavitation phenomena with other conventional techniques of disinfection has been discussed. It appears that though cavitation is quite successful in treatment of water at laboratory scale operations, comparatively higher cost of treatment as compared to the conventional chemical methods is a hindrance in its industrial scale application. Intensification of cavitational activity and efficient design of industrial scale hydrodynamic cavitation reactors is required for ensuring successful application of cavitational reactors at industrial scale operation.     

喀斯特地区端元样品中溶解有机质的多维特征与源辨析研究

由于喀斯特地区水生生态系统中碳循环的复杂性,给溶解有机质（Dissolved organic matter,DOM）的来源解析带来了巨大的挑战和困难.本研究应用C/N比值、δ¹³C组成、紫外-可见吸收光谱与三维荧光光谱等表征技术,综合对比了西南喀斯特地区典型土壤与水生植物样品DOM的多维特征,探讨了示踪喀斯特地区DOM来源的可靠方法与指标.结果表明：水生植物的C/N比值波动范围较大,石灰土的C/N比值偏低,水生植物与土壤样品的C/N比值及δ¹³C组成有所重叠,难以区分DOM的来源.多种紫外吸收系数（a₂₅₄、a₂₈₀、a₃₀₀与a₃₅₀）侧面反映了不同DOM样品中芳香族化合物的相对丰度,SUVA₂₅₄、E2/E3、E4/E6与腐殖化指数（HIX、HIX_ohno）指示了样品之间腐殖化程度的差异,特别是HIX、荧光指数（FI）、S_R较好区分了浮游藻类与土壤DOM.修正荧光指数（YFI）还揭示了不同DOM样品的化学组成,与三维荧光光谱的平行因子分析相吻合.此外,黄壤因较低的pH值会使土壤有机质酸解为含氮组分,导致HIX、FI和S_R的匹配性不好.除浮游藻类外,HIX表明水生植物DOM均为内源,S_R却显示其主要为外源,而FI指示兼有内源和外源.因此,在进行喀斯特地区DOM来源解析时,光谱技术相比C/N比值和δ¹³C分析更加简便、有效,同时应注意不同土壤类型的异质性与水生生态系统的复杂性.     

基于拉曼光谱的铅致肝细胞生物分子变化研究

利用拉曼光谱技术采集不同铅离子暴露时间(0.5,1.5,3,6,12,24h)、暴露浓度(0.05,0.1,0.5,1,5mg/L)下HepG2细胞的光谱数据,欲探究在不同铅暴露条件下肝细胞的分子变化及其相关机制.研究结果发现,在不同条件下各组细胞的光谱形态基本相同,但部分特征峰的吸光度强度存在差异.经多元统计分析发现,除6h外,同一暴露时间下不同暴露浓度细胞的光谱数据在LD1上均存在离散趋势,并在暴露24h时最明显.细胞内蛋白质、脂质、核酸、类胡萝卜素、碳水化合物等生物分子的特征峰表现出明显差异,但不同类型生物分子发生显著变化的时间并不相同.由此可见铅暴露可损伤肝细胞蛋白质、脂质、核酸、类胡萝卜素的结构并影响其正常功能,这种毒性效应呈剂量-效应关系,且随暴露时间的增加而增加.本研究说明拉曼光谱可以实现铅对肝细胞生物分子变化的相关检测,这不仅为之后的细胞毒理研究提供了新的思路,同时也为环境污染物的安全评价提供了理论依据.     

Water-soluble matter in PM2.5 in a coastal city over China: Chemical components, optical properties, and source analysis

Although marine and terrestrial emissions simultaneously affect the formation of atmospheric fine particles in coastal areas, knowledge on the optical properties and sources of water-soluble matter in these areas is still scarce. In this work, taking Qingdao, China as a typical coastal location, the chemical composition of PM_2.5 during winter 2019 was analyzed. Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy was combined with parallel factor analysis model to explain the components of water-soluble atmospheric chromophores of PM_2.5. Our analysis indicated that NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and SO₄²⁻ ions accounted for 86.80% of the total ion mass, dominated by NO₃⁻. The ratio of [NO₃⁻]/[SO₄²⁻] was up to 2.42 ± 0.84, suggesting that mobile sources play an important role in local pollutants emission. The result of positive correlation between Abs₃₆₅ with K⁺ suggests that biomass burning is an important source of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC). Six types of fluorophores (C1-C6), all humic-like substances, were identified in WSOC. Humification index, biological index and fluorescence index in winter were 1.66 ± 0.34, 0.51 ± 0.44 and 1.09 ± 0.78, respectively, indicating that WSOC in Qingdao were mainly terrestrial organic matters. Overall, although the study area is close to the ocean, the contribution of terrestrial sources to PM_2.5, especially vehicle exhaust and coal combustion, is still much higher than that of marine sources. Our study provides a more comprehensive understanding of chemical and optical properties of WSOC based on PM_2.5 in coastal areas, and may provide ground for improving local air quality.     

Interactions between lead(II) ions and dissolved organic matter derived from organic fertilizers incubated in the field

This work was to study composition characteristics and the subsequent effect on the lead (Pb) binding properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from seaweed-based (SWOF) and chicken manure organic fertilizers (CMOF) during a one-year field incubation experiment using the excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC) and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) analysis. Results showed that high aromatic and hydrophobic fluorescent substances were enriched in CMOF-derived DOM and SWOF-derived DOM and enhanced over time. And phenolic groups in the fulvic-like substances for SWOF-derived DOM and carboxyl groups in the humic-like substances for CMOF-derived DOM had the fastest responses over time, respectively. Moreover, both non-fluorescent polysaccharides and fluorescent humic-like substances or fulvic-like substances with aromatic (C=C) groups first participated in the binding process of Pb to SWOF-derived DOM on day 0 and 180 during the lead binding process. In contrast, humic-like substances associated with aromatic (C=C) and phenolic groups gave a faster response to Pb binding on day 360. Regarding CMOF-derived DOM, the fulvic-like substances associated with aromatic (C=C) and carboxylic groups displayed a faster response to Pb ions on day 0. Nonetheless, polysaccharides and humic-like associated with phenolic groups had a faster response on days 180 and 360. It is noteworthy that the polysaccharides, which participated in Pb binding to CMOF-derived DOM, posed a higher risk of Pb in the environment after 360 days. Therefore, these findings gave new insights into the long-term applications of commercial organic fertilizers for the amendment of soil.     

Evidence on the causes of the rising levels of CODMn along the middle route of the South-to-North Diversion Project in China: The role of algal dissolved organic matter

As the biggest inter-basin water transfer scheme in the world,the South-to-North Water Diversion Project（SNWD） was designed to alleviate the water crisis in North China.The main channel of the middle route of the SNWD is of great concern in terms of the drinking water quality.In this study,we tested the hypothesis that the dissolved organic matter（DOM） derived from the planktonic algae causes the rising levels of COD_Mn along the middle route by monitoring data on water quality（2015-20...     

Insights into the dissolution and the three-dimensional structure of insensitive munitions formulations

Two compounds, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) are the main ingredients in a suite of explosive formulations that are being, or soon will be, fielded at military training ranges. We aim to understand the dissolution characteristics of DNAN and NTO and three insensitive muntions (IM) formulations that contain them. This information is needed to accurately predict the environmental fate of IM constituents, some of which may be toxic to people and the environment. We used Raman spectroscopy to identify the different constituents in the IM formulations and micro computed tomography to image their three-dimensional structure. These are the first three-dimensional images of detonated explosive particles.     

清河流域水质目标管理技术应用示范

针对清河流域三级水生态功能分区功能定位和水质保护目标,按照"分类、分区、分级、分期"理念,应用流域水质目标管理技术方法,研究清河流域控制单元污染负荷核定、水环境容量计算与分配、污染负荷削减、污染物总量控制等关键技术应用示范,完善流域水质目标管理技术,为清河流域水环境管理提供科技支撑。     

退浆废水中聚乙烯醇的分析检测研究

建立了紫外可见分光光度法检测退浆废水中聚乙烯醇(PVA)含量的方法。以硼酸为介质,碘化钾—碘溶液为显色剂,检测波长为680 nm,测定退浆废水中PVA含量的线性方程为Y=0.018 8X+0.003 2,相关系数R2=0.999 3,平均加标回收率为97.6%;方法精密度(RSD=1.5%)、重现性(RSD=1.8%)均较好。该方法操作简单、准确度高、测定快速,适用于测定退浆废水中PVA的含量。