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71.
被动扩散技术在环境空气监测中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
被动扩散监测技术以其成本低、布点灵活、操作简单,易于掌握等特点在世界各地广泛应用于环境空气质量监测。辽宁省环保局通过欧盟项目引入,盘锦市试点表明SO2和NO2各月变化趋势和各功能区监测结果与我市自动站监测结果相一致。可以弥补自动监测点位不足和开展大范围多点位监测。 相似文献
72.
《环境科学学报(英文版)》2023,35(3):513-523
Traditional air quality data have a spatial resolution of 1 km or above, making it challenging to resolve detailed air pollution exposure in complex urban areas. Combining urban morphology, dynamic traffic emission, regional and local meteorology, physicochemical transformations in air quality models using big data fusion technology, an ultra-fine resolution modeling system was developed to provide air quality data down to street level. Based on one-year ultra-fine resolution data, this study investigated the effects of pollution heterogeneity on the individual and population exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) in Hong Kong, one of the most densely populated and urbanized cities. Sharp fine-scale variabilities in air pollution were revealed within individual city blocks. Using traditional 1 km average to represent individual exposure resulted in a positively skewed deviation of up to 200% for high-end exposure individuals. Citizens were disproportionally affected by air pollution, with annual pollutant concentrations varied by factors of 2 to 5 among 452 District Council Constituency Areas (DCCAs) in Hong Kong, indicating great environmental inequities among the population. Unfavorable city planning resulted in a positive spatial coincidence between pollution and population, which increased public exposure to air pollutants by as large as 46% among districts in Hong Kong. Our results highlight the importance of ultra-fine pollutant data in quantifying the heterogeneity in pollution exposure in the dense urban area and the critical role of smart urban planning in reducing exposure inequities. 相似文献
73.
To ensure the safety of drinking water, ozone (O3) has been extensively applied in drinking water treatment plants to further remove natural organic matter (NOM). However, the surface water and groundwater near the coastal areas often contain high concentrations of bromide ion (Br?). Considering the risk of bromate (BrO3?) formation in ozonation of the sand-filtered water, the inhibitory efficiencies of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ammonia (NH3) on BrO3? formation during ozonation process were compared. The addition of H2O2 effectively inhibited BrO3? formation at an initial Br? concentration amended to 350 µg/L. The inhibition efficiencies reached 59.6 and 100% when the mass ratio of H2O2/O3 was 0.25 and > 0.5, respectively. The UV254 and total organic carbon (TOC) also decreased after adding H2O2, while the formation potential of trihalomethanes (THMsFP) increased especially in subsequent chlorination process at a low dose of H2O2. To control the formation of both BrO3? and THMs, a relatively large dose of O3 and a high ratio of H2O2/O3were generally needed. NH3 addition inhibited BrO3? formation when the background ammonia nitrogen (NH3N) concentration was low. There was no significant correlation between BrO3? inhibition efficiency and NH3 dose, and a small amount of NH3N (0.2 mg/L) could obviously inhibit BrO3? formation. The oxidation of NOM seemed unaffected by NH3 addition, and the structure of NOM reflected by synchronous fluorescence (SF) scanning remained almost unchanged before and after adding NH3. Considering the formation of BrO3? and THMs, the optimal dose of NH3 was suggested to be 0.5 mg/L. 相似文献
74.
75.
本文通过臭氧对蚕豆急性伤害的研究,描述了蚕豆遭受臭氧急性伤害的反应症状,并阐明蚕豆叶片叶绿素a的变化对蚕豆受害程度的表征作用。 相似文献
76.
催化分解法处理臭氧尾气的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以活性炭和γ -Al2 O3 为载体制备出负载锰和铜氧化物的用于臭氧尾气处理的催化剂 ,并采用固定床反应器进行分解臭氧尾气的实验研究。实验结果表明 ,活性炭负载锰和铜氧化物的催化剂的性能最好 ,1g催化剂在臭氧初始浓度为2 .5 g/m3 ,反应时间为 0 .0 36s条件下 ,其对臭氧的分解率可达 97.2 %。在相同臭氧初始浓度 ,反应时间为 0 .1s条件下 ,1g催化剂可以连续运转达 98h ,处理臭氧总量为 8.8g ,且湿度对其催化活性影响较大。 相似文献
77.
80年代以业南极上空平流层臭氧层不断减少,1998年9月臭氧洞的面积和深度达历史最高记录。平流层臭氧耗损会导致到达在面地的有害紫外线增加,损害人类的健康和破坏地球生态。介绍了了臭氧层损耗的机理、现状、该领域的研究进展和复旦大学的研究结果。 相似文献
78.
Environmental pollution of urban areas is one of key factors that state authorities and local agencies have to consider in the decision-making process. To find a compromise among many criteria, spatial analysis extended by geostatistical methods and dynamic models has to be carried out. In this case, spatial analysis includes processing of a wide range of air, water and soil pollution data and possibly noise assessment and waste management data. Other spatial inputs consist of data from remote sensing and GPS field measurements. Integration and spatial data management are carried out within the framework of a geographic information system (GIS). From a modeling point of view, GIS is used mainly for the preprocessing and postprocessing of data to be displayed in digital map layers and visualized in 3D scenes. Moreover, for preprocessing and postprocessing, deterministic and geostatistical methods (IDW, ordinary kriging) are used for spatial interpolation; geoprocessing and raster algebra are used in multi-criteria evaluation and risk assessment methods. GIS is also used as a platform for spatio-temporal analyses or for building relationships between the GIS database and stand-alone modeling tools. A case study is presented illustrating the application of spatial analysis to the urban areas of Prague. This involved incorporating environmental data from monitoring networks and field measurements into digital map layers. Extra data inputs were used to represent the 3D concentration fields of air pollutants (ozone, NO2) measured by differential absorption LIDAR. ArcGIS was used to provide spatial data management and analysis, extended by modeling tools developed internally in the ArcObjects environment and external modules developed with MapObjects. Ordinary kriging methods were employed to predict ozone concentrations in selected 3D locations together with estimates of variability. Higher ozone concentrations were found above crossroads with their heavy traffic than above the surrounding areas. Ozone concentrations also varied with height above the digital elevation model. Processed data, spatial analysis and models are integrated within the framework of the GIS project, providing an approach that state and local authorities can use to address environmental protection issues. 相似文献
79.
R. Rai M. Agrawal S.B. Agrawal 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2007,41(40):9543-9554
The present study deals with the evaluation of effects of ambient gaseous air pollution on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. HUW-234) growing in a suburban area situated in eastern Gangetic plain of India, using open top chambers. Eight hourly air monitoring was conducted for ambient concentrations of SO2, NO2 and O3 in filtered chambers (FCs), non-filtered chambers (NFCs) and open plots (OPs). Various morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters were assessed during different developmental stages and finally yield parameters were quantified at the time of harvest.Mean concentrations of SO2, NO2 and O3 were 8.4, 39.9 and 40.1 ppb, respectively during the experiment in NFCs. Concentrations of SO2, NO2 and O3 reduced by 74.6%, 84.7% and 90.4%, respectively in FCs as compared to NFCs. Plants grown in FCs showed higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content and Fv/Fm ratio as compared to the plants in NFCs and OPs. Lipid peroxidation, proline, total phenol and ascorbic acid contents and peroxidase activity were higher in plants grown in NFCs. There were improvements in morphological parameters of plants growing in FCs as compared to those in NFCs and OPs. Yield of plants also increased significantly in FCs as compared to those ventilated with ambient air (NFCs) or grown in OPs. During the vegetative phase, NO2 concentrations were higher than O3, but O3 became dominant pollutant during the time of grain setting and filling. The study concludes that O3 and NO2 are the main air pollutants in the sub-urban areas causing significant yield reductions in tropical wheat plants. 相似文献
80.