鱼类肝脏微粒体对于硫代磷酸酯类杀虫剂活化代谢率的种间差异(Species-Related Difference of Liver Microsomes of Fish in Activation of Organothiophosphorus Insecticides)

为了弄清鱼类肝脏微粒体细胞色素P450s(CYPs)对于硫代磷酸酯类杀虫剂活化代谢率的种间差别,选用斑马鱼Brachydanio rerio、麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva、剑尾鱼Xiphophorus helleri、篮鳃太阳鱼Leponus macrohirus四种鱼作为受试生物,选用对硫磷、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱三种硫代磷酸酯类杀虫剂作为受试药剂,以外源乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的抑制率为指标,在离体状态下间接测量了杀虫剂活化代谢物的相对生成量.离体试验表明,对于对硫磷,活化代谢物生成量的高低顺序为:斑马鱼、剑尾鱼、麦穗鱼>太阳鱼(p<0.05),最高的麦穗鱼和最低的太阳鱼之间相差10.0倍;对于马拉硫磷和毒死蜱,活化代谢物生成量的高低顺序均为:剑尾鱼>太阳鱼>斑马鱼、麦穗鱼(p<0.05),最高的剑尾鱼和最低的麦穗鱼之间的分别相差66.9和137倍.毒性测定表明,对于对硫磷、马拉硫磷和毒死蜱,四种鱼96hLC50之间的最大差别分别是45、18和77倍.对马拉硫磷而言,96hLC50的种间差异特征与活化代谢物生成量的种间差异特征比较吻合,而对于对硫磷和毒死蜱而言,两者之间的吻合度较低.研究证实了肝脏CYP在活化硫代磷酸酯杀虫剂方面具有明显的种间差异,同时也证实仅以活化代谢物的离体生成量这一指标来衡量鱼类对于硫代磷酸酯杀虫剂的敏感性,其结论可能会较大幅度地偏离生测结果.尽管如此,本研究证实在所测的鱼类当中,斑马鱼属于CYP活性较低的鱼种,而这一特性很可能是造成斑马鱼对于硫代磷酸酯杀虫剂的敏感性偏低的重要原因.     

镧改性粉煤灰合成沸石的同步脱氨除磷研究

以火电厂固废粉煤灰为主要原料,采用改良水热法研制合成了低成本的P型沸石,对其进行了稀土镧改性处理,以强化其脱氮除磷能力.实验研究了改性镧离子浓度、投加量、pH值对同步去除氨氮和磷的影响;运用XRD和SEM分析技术对合成沸石进行了表征.结果表明,在改性镧离子浓度0.5%、pH值为4~8、投加量为10g/L时,改性后的合成沸石对氨氮和磷的去除率分别达到90%,95%以上.改性后的合成沸石对氨氮及磷的吸附动力学数据符合伪二级方程.Langmuir方程能更好地描述氨氮及磷在改性合成沸石上的等温吸附行为,氨氮和磷的Langmuir最大吸附量分别为3.94,1.65mg/g.     

PBS共聚物对蚯蚓的蛋白质含量和纤维素酶活性的影响

以赤子爱胜蚓Eisennia foetida为研究对象,在滤纸接触法的基础上,采用自然土壤法进行急性毒性试验,研究了不同相对分子质量的PBS-co-PCL共聚物对蚯蚓蛋白质含量和纤维素酶活性的毒性效应。研究结果表明：随着暴露时间的增长,蚯蚓蛋白质含量呈现先增加后减小的趋势;第7天时,数均相对分子质量（Mn）为8.0×103的聚合物对蛋白质的影响较明显;第14天时,相对分子质量（Mn）为1.6×104和2.8×104的聚合物对蛋白质的影响较明显。聚合物相对分子质量（Mn）为8.0×103处理组中,纤维素酶活性受到的抑制作用较明显,聚合物含量为2.5%时,抑制作用达到最大。但是随着暴露时间的增长,这种抑制作用逐渐减小,即影响是暂时性的,纤维素酶活性变化比蛋白质含量变化更敏感。以上结果表明蚯蚓在实验过程中没有出现致病或致死现象,即聚合物对蚯蚓的影响较小。     

深圳湾海域营养盐的时空分布及潜在性富营养化程度评价

根据深圳湾海域2008年2、5、8、11月4个航次的海水中营养盐监测数据,分析了深圳湾海域海水中营养盐的时空分布特征,应用Si：N：P比及潜在性富营养化评价模式对整个海域水质富营养化程度进行了评价。结果表明：深圳湾海域氮磷营养盐污染严重,劣于四类海水水质标准;且受珠江口水系夏季带来的高氮低磷低硅的海水的影响,整个深圳湾海水中氮磷硅营养盐的时空分布不尽相同：夏季DIN的分布由湾口向湾内逐渐降低;冬、春、秋3季DIN的分布和4个季节PO43--P、SiO32--Si的分布都是由湾内向湾口逐渐降低;受陆源输入的影响,秋季DIN和PO43--P表现出由西岸向东岸逐渐降低的趋势;受海底沉积物交换的影响,夏季SiO32--Si表现出由西岸向东岸逐渐升高的分布趋势。冬季整个海域都处于氮限制状态,基本无赤潮发生风险;春季整个海域基本处于富营养状态,是赤潮的高发期;夏季整个海域从湾内到湾口由氮限制逐渐过渡到磷限制状态,处于赤潮发生的危险期;秋季整个海域处于轻微的磷限制状态,也是深圳湾赤潮的高发期,但危险性较春季有所降低。     

香港石岗——小溪磷、氮浓度的变化及影响因素

研究香港石岗一条小溪在1991年夏雨季溪流中氮和磷的浓度及其在暴雨过程中的变化。结果表明:在基本径流中的氮、磷浓度很低,而在暴雨期间,溪流的氮、磷浓度随水文过程线的上升而增加,但随着暴雨时间的延长,氮、磷浓度随水文过程线增加的趋势会逐渐减弱。与小溪下游汇入的河流比较来看,人为活动对河流的氮、磷浓度影响较大,如不加以控制,将会引起水质恶化。      

集约化柑橘种植抑制土壤磷循环微生物活性

微生物是调节土壤磷循环的关键驱动力.阐明土壤解磷菌的微生物矿化过程对于提高植物养分吸收率和作物产量具有重要意义.通过测定柑橘园与毗邻的自然林地土壤编码碱性磷酸酶基因（phoD）丰度、解磷细菌群落多样性和土壤无机磷组分,探究柑橘种植对土壤微生物获取磷策略的影响机制.结果表明,柑橘种植导致土壤pH下降,土壤有效磷累积,ω（有效磷）平均值高达112 mg·kg^-1,显著高于毗邻的自然林地（3.7 mg·kg^-1）.柑橘种植也会影响土壤磷素组成,柑橘土壤含有较高的可溶态磷（CaCl₂-P）、柠檬酸提取态磷（Citrate-P）和矿物结合态磷（HCl-P）.自然林地土壤各磷组分均显著低于柑橘土壤,而phoD基因丰度和碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于柑橘土壤.高通量测序结果表明,柑橘土壤解磷细菌Shannon指数（4.61）显著低于自然林地（5.35）,群落结构也有别于自然林地.柑橘种植改变了土壤解磷菌的群落组成,自然林地变形菌门的相对丰度显著低于柑橘土壤.土壤有效磷含量与碱性磷酸酶活性呈显著负相关,表明土壤高磷累积抑制土壤解磷细菌的活性.柑橘种植改变了土壤微生物对磷的获取策略,在柑橘园中,土壤微生物主要依赖外源磷,而自然林地土壤微生物主要以微生物分泌碱性磷酸酶矿化有机磷来获取磷的方式满足其生长需求.     

Detection of phosphorus species in sediments of artificial landscape lakes in China by fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Phosphorus (P) pollution in the sediments of seven artificial landscape lakes was studied via fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P NMR) spectroscopy. The lake sediments accumulated significant amounts of P from supplementation with reclaimed water and from runoff from the golf course lawns. The differences in total sediment P among lakes were correlated to the varied pollution extent from the lawns. One striking feature of the artificial lake sediments was the insufficiency of NaOH-extracted Al, which plays an important role in avoiding internal P release during anoxia. Another characteristic was the dominance of orthophosphate in the NaOH-EDTA extractants of the sediments, due to the heavy external P pollution. Phytate, considered prevalent in many soils and lake sediments, as well as polyphosphates and phosphonates which have appeared in some natural lake sediments, was not detected. The rank order of present biogenic P species was monoester-P>DNA-P>pyrophosphate>lipid-P.     

Competitive biodegradation of dichlobenil and atrazine coexisting in soil amended with a char and citrate

The role of char nutrients in the biodegradation of coexisting dichlobenil and atrazine in a soil by their respective bacterial degraders, DDN and ADP, was evaluated. Under growing conditions, their degradation in soil extract was slow with <40% and <20% degraded within 64 h, respectively. The degradation in extracts and slurries of char-amended solids increased with increasing char content, due to nutritional stimulation on microbial activities. By supplementing soil extract with various major nutrients, the measured degradation demonstrated that P was the exclusive limiting nutrient. The reduction in the degradation of coexisting dichlobenil and atrazine resulted apparently from the competitive utilization of P by DDN and ADP. With a shorter lag phase, ADP commenced growing earlier than DDN with the advantage of utilizing P first in insufficient supply. This resulted in an inhibition on the growth of DDN and thus suppression on dichlobenil degradation.     

Country-scale phosphorus balancing as a base for resources conservation

In order to effectively conserve the non-renewable resource phosphorus (P), flows and stocks of P must be known at national, regional and global scales. P is a key non-renewable resource because its use as fertilizer cannot be substituted posing a constraint on the global food production in the long-term. This paper presents a methodology to establish country-wide P balances that emphasises resource use. We develop a material flow analysis (MFA) model that comprises all relevant flows and stocks of P in five subsystems, seven processes and 36 material flows. For quantification, statistical data from economic and agricultural sources as well as available information about P partitioning in natural and anthropogenic processes are used. Special attention is paid to data gaps and uncertainties. The model was tested in two case studies on P management in Turkey and Austria. MFA appears to be a tool well suited for establishing country-wide P balances, provided that national statistics are well-structured and accessible. If a common approach is used for modelling P-flows and stocks, regional and national balances can be compared and linked towards larger scale P balances for an improved management of the resource.     

黄海西部大气湿沉降(降水)中各元素沉降通量的初步研究

本文对黄海西部的千里岩、青岛的麦岛降水(雨+雪)中的H+,NH+4,K +,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+,F-,Cl-,NO-3,SO2-4 ,SiO2-3,PO3-4进行了测定.计算了除H+以外其他离子的湿沉降通量.1998年千里岩N,P,Si的湿沉降通量分别为:DIN([NH+ 4]+[NO-3])0.611g·m-2.a-1,P 0.002g·m-2 ·a-1,Si 0.078g·m-2·a-1,麦岛N,P,Si的湿沉降通量分别为:DIN 0.776g·m-2.a-1,P 0.008g·m-2·a-1,Si 0 .060g·m-2.a-1,千里岩降水的N/P比(摩尔比)为72 7,远高于海水中的Redfield比值(16),将对该海域的营养盐结构产生一定的影响. 对于忽略小于0.7mm的降水对湿沉降通量所可能产生的误差进行了估算,发现几种主要离子均小于9%.