差分光学吸收光谱法测量大气污染气体的研究

介绍了差分光学吸收光谱(DOAS)法测量大气污染气体的基本原理,描述了收发一体的DOAS系统的设计以及在同一波段对多种被测气体浓度同时进行反演的数据处理方法,并且对周围环境中的SO₂,O₃和NO₂进行了长期监测,得到的结果与实际情况相符合.      

A hierarchical Bayesian non-linear spatio-temporal model for the spread of invasive species with application to the Eurasian Collared-Dove

The spread of invasive species is a long studied subject that garners much interest in the ecological research community. Historically the phenomenon has been approached using a purely deterministic mathematical framework (usually involving differential equations of some form). These methods, while scientifically meaningful, are generally highly simplified and fail to account for uncertainty in the data and process, of which our knowledge could not possibly exist without error. We propose a hierarchical Bayesian model for population spread that accommodates data sources with errors, dependence structures between population dynamics parameters, and takes into account prior scientific understanding via non-linear relationships between model parameters and space-time response variables. We model the process (i.e., the bird population in this case) as a Poisson response with spatially varying diffusion coefficients as well as a logistic population growth term using a common reaction-diffusion equation that realistically mimics the ecological process. We focus the application on the ongoing invasion of the Eurasian Collared-Dove.     

基于生态槽实验的藻类生长参数确定

在太湖湖泊生态系统研究站的生态模拟槽中进行了藻类的动态模拟实验.取太湖原水至生态槽中,在温度、光照、营养盐变化条件下进行采样,观察藻类的变化情况.在生态槽实验基础上应用PHREEQC模型建立了藻类生长模型,模型中考虑了氮及磷营养盐的循环过程.利用生态模拟槽实验结果对太湖藻类生长模型的各参数进行了详细的率定验证,并应用最小二乘法确定最佳的一组参数,藻类及各种营养盐浓度的模拟值均能较好地拟合实验测量值.     

城市生态经济系统模型构建与分析

根据城市生态经济系统(UrbanEco-economicSystem,UEES)运行规律和系统调控的目标,建立了UEES指标体系.以宁波市为例,采用偏最小二乘算法构建了UEES模型.本例中,模型的Q2cum值为0·996,表明其具有较好的稳定性和预测能力.计算结果表明,到2007年、2012年和2020年,宁波市国内生产总值将分别达到2588×108元、3250×108元、5261×108元;万元国内生产总值能耗、城市化水平与产业结构是影响经济规模扩大的主要因素,万元工业产值废水排放量和SO2排放量与经济规模呈显著的负相关关系.在此基础上,提出了宁波生态市建设过程中经济发展的若干建议.     

偏最小二乘回归方法在土地利用结构研究中的应用

针对当前LUCC研究中存在的数据间多重相关性和样本量不足的问题,论文将一种新型的多元统计数据分析方法---偏最小二乘回归引入到研究中。该方法可以有效地克服上述缺陷,并能实现多种数据分析方法的综合应用。为检验方法的功能及实用性,论文以苏锡常地区为例,对区域的土地利用结构及其影响因子进行了定量分析。结果表明,偏最小二乘回归是进行土地利用结构研究的一种十分有效的工具,在地学领域有广阔的应用前景。     

Taxonomic and functional variations in the microbial community during the upgrade process of a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant – from conventional to partial nitrification-denitrification

• Upgrade process was investigated in a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant. • The optimization of DO can technically achieve the shift from CND to PND process. • Nitrosomonas was mainly responsible for ammonium oxidation in PND system. • An obviously enrichment of Thauera was found in the PND process. • Enhanced metabolic potentials on organics was found during the process update. Because of the low access to biodegradable organic substances used for denitrification, the partial nitrification-denitrification process has been considered as a low-cost, sustainable alternative for landfill leachate treatment. In this study, the process upgrade from conventional to partial nitrification-denitrification was comprehensively investigated in a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant (LLTP). The partial nitrification-denitrification system was successfully achieved through the optimizing dissolved oxygen and the external carbon source, with effluent nitrogen concentrations lower than 150 mg/L. Moreover, the upgrading process facilitated the enrichment of Nitrosomonas (abundance increased from 0.4% to 3.3%), which was also evidenced by increased abundance of amoA/B/C genes carried by Nitrosomonas. Although Nitrospira (accounting for 0.1%–0.6%) was found to stably exist in the reactor tank, considerable nitrite accumulation occurred in the reactor (reaching 98.8 mg/L), indicating high-efficiency of the partial nitrification process. Moreover, the abundance of Thauera, the dominant denitrifying bacteria responsible for nitrite reduction, gradually increased from 0.60% to 5.52% during the upgrade process. This process caused great changes in the microbial community, inducing continuous succession of heterotrophic bacteria accompanied by enhanced metabolic potentials toward organic substances. The results obtained in this study advanced our understanding of the operation of a partial nitrification-denitrification system and provided a technical case for the upgrade of currently existing full-scale LLTPs.     

南京市2000~2014年城市建设用地变化及驱动因子研究

基于土地利用模型测度2000~2014年南京市城市建设用地的动态变化,再运用典型相关分析、主成分分析及逐步回归分析组合的偏最小二乘回归法对南京市城市建设用地的驱动因子进行分析。结果表明：（1）2000~2014年南京市城市建设用地面积总体上呈上升趋势,年均增长率为11.73%;（2）南京市用地结构信息熵呈波动下降趋势,城市建设用地系统结构性增强,但是用地扩展的综合效益趋降;（3）人口增长、道路扩展、投资水平提高及文化产业发展等能够较好的解释南京市城市建设用地的增长,这4类因子对城市建设用地变化具有正向作用;（4）逐步线性回归结果表明,园林绿地面积的增加相对其他因子对南京市建设用地规模增长的作用最大,其次是道路长度和公路里程。     

A Two-Stage Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for MPPT of Partially Shaded PV Arrays

The power-voltage (P-V) characteristic curves of a PV array are nonlinear and have multiple peaks under partially shaded conditions (PSCs). This paper proposes a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for a PV system with reduced steady-state oscillation based on a two-stage particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The grouping method of the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) is incorporated in the basic PSO algorithm (PSO-SFLA), ensuring fast and accurate searching of the global extremum. An adaptive speed factor is also introduced into the improved PSO to further enhance its convergence speed. Test results show that the proposed method converges in less than half the time taken by the conventional PSO method, and the power is improved by 33% under the worst PSCs, which confirms the superiority of the proposed method over the standard PSO algorithm in terms of tracking speed and steady-state oscillations under different PSCs.     

单标多点校正组合英蓝超滤测定地表水中多种阴离子

建立了利用组合单标多点校正和英蓝超滤单元的离子色谱法测定地表水中F-、C1-、NO3-、S0424—4-种离子的方法,方法操作简便,灵敏度高,线性范围广,抗干扰能力强,可同时快速测定不同数量级浓度的离子,降低了配置标准品和样品前处理的复杂性,减少了因前处理带来的干扰。