3DBER-S-Fe同步脱氮除磷及去除邻苯二甲酸酯的工艺特性

为探究三维电极生物膜耦合硫铁新工艺(3DBER-S-Fe)脱氮除磷并同步去除邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的工艺特性,在水力停留时间(HRT)分别为8、6、4 h条件下,研究分析了系统内总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)、NO-3-N、SO2-4及pH的变化情况.结果表明,3DBER-S-Fe系统具有较好的脱氮除磷及PAEs去除效果.当水力停留时间为8、6、4 h时,TN去除率分别为80.99%、78.85%、64.76%;TP去除率分别为65.18%、67.17%、43.44%;DBP去除率分别为96.72%、97.32%、96.53%;DEHP去除率分别为91.89%、81.57%、74.30%.在3DBER-S-Fe系统内,存在异养、氢自养、硫自养反硝化脱氮过程,当HRT由8h缩短到4h时,单质硫可以弥补进水NO-3-N负荷增加所导致的反硝化电子供体相对不足问题,维持系统高效的脱氮效率;系统中海绵铁填料腐蚀产生的铁离子能够高效持续沉淀除磷;3DBER-S-Fe工艺结合了物理吸附、生物降解及电化学作用,使其在不同HRT条件下具有较高的DBP与DEHP去除率.     

邻苯二甲酸酯在三峡库区消落带非淹水期土壤中污染特征及健康风险

本研究利用超高效液相色谱飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF~-MS)分析了三峡库区8个消落带河段土壤样品中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的浓度水平,探讨了其组成特征,通过相关性分析和主成分分析阐明了其可能的来源,并且采用健康风险模型评价了PAEs在消落带土壤中的人群健康风险.结果表明,ΣPAEs在三峡库区消落带的含量(以干重计,下同)范围为322.0~737.3 ng·g~(-1),平均值为497.2 ng·g~(-1),处于文献报道的较低水平;DIBP是丰度最高的同系物单体,其次是DBP和DEHP,三者平均贡献率为94.5%,然而DEHP并不是主要污染物,这可能由于在淹水状态下消落带土壤向水体释放DEHP,但DEHP在土壤微生物中降解也不能完全排除;DMP、DEP、DBP和DIBP两两之间具有极显著正相关性,同时结合主成分分析,表明4种PAEs可能具有相同来源.人群暴露6种PAEs的日均摄入量均未超过美国EPA规定的参考剂量(Rf D),并且6种PAEs单体的致癌风险均远低于美国EPA规定的可接受致癌风险值,但是DBP的日均摄入量占总PAEs的60%~84%,因此,在三峡库区消落带耕作过程中应预防DBP带来的潜在健康风险.     

Abiotic degradation of four phthalic acid esters in aqueous phase under natural sunlight irradiation

Abiotic degradability of four phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the aquatic phase was evaluated over a wide pH range 5–9. The PAE solutions in glass test tubes were placed either in the dark and under the natural sunlight irradiation for evaluating the degradation rate via hydrolysis or photolysis plus hydrolysis, respectively, at ambient temperature for 140 d from autumn to winter in Osaka, Japan. The e ciency of abiotic degradation of the PAEs with relatively short alkyl chains, such as butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) and di-nbutyl phthalate (DBP), at neutral pH was significantly lower than that in the acidic or alkaline condition. Photolysis was considered to contribute mainly to the total abiotic degradation at all pH. Neither hydrolysis nor photolysis of di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) proceeded significantly at any pH, especially hydrolysis at neutral pH was negligible. On the other hand, the degradation rate of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) catalyzed mainly by photolysis was much higher than those of the other PAEs, and was almost completely removed during the experimental period at pH 5 and 9. As a whole, according to the half-life (t1=2) obtained in the experiments, the abiotic degradability of the PAEs was in the sequence: DINP (32–140 d) > DBP (50–360 d), BBP (58–480 d) > DEHP (390–1600 d) under sunlight irradiation (via photolysis plus hydrolysis). Although the abiotic degradation rates for BBP, DBP, and DEHP are much lower than the biodegradation rates reported, the photolysis rate for DINP is comparable to its biodegradation rate in the acidic or alkaline condition.     

环境中酞酸酯的污染现状及防治措施

酞酸酯广泛用于农膜,油漆、化妆品、儿童玩具等行业生产中作为增塑剂、调配剂、润滑剂,具有致癌、致畸、致突变作用,是环境中一类及其重要的污染物。本文详细介绍了酞酸酯物质的概念,环境中该物质的污染状况及其对人体和动物的危害,最后介绍了酞酸酯污染的防治措施。     

邻苯二甲酸酯在河流沉积物上的不可逆吸附行为

采用平衡吸附实验和循环吸附/解吸实验,研究了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸双-(2-乙基-己基)酯(DEHP)在长江和黄河沉积物样品中的吸附特性和不可逆吸附作用.平衡吸附实验结果表明,DMP和DEHP在沉积物上的lgKoc均高于文献报道值,说明沉积物对PAEs的吸附不仅包括在有机质上的分配作用,而且还存在其他吸附过程.循环吸附/解吸实验结果表明,沉积物对DMP和DEHP的吸附包括可逆的线性吸附和不可逆的非线性吸附.DMP和DEHP在4种沉积物样品上的最大不可逆吸附量分别为125.19～337.37μg/g和515.89～591.41μg/g,且最大不可逆吸附量与沉积物的比表面积,阳离子交换量,黑炭含量等呈正相关.DMP可逆吸附部分的有机碳标化分配系数(lgkroecv)为3.69～4.98L/kg,该值仍大于文献报道的Koc值,说明除在有机碳上的分配作用外,DMP还存在其他的可逆吸附机制.DEHP的lgkorecv为4.12～5.31L/kg,与文献报道值接近,说明DEHP的主要可逆吸附机制为在有机碳上的分配作用.尽管DMP和DEHP的性质差异较大,但二者在4种沉积物上不可逆吸附部分的有机碳标化分配系数(lgkiorcr)接近常数(6.46±0.38)L/kg.由于PAEs在沉积物上存在不可逆吸附,在建立沉积物质量基准时需要考虑其最大不可逆吸附量.     

Prenuptial perfume: Alloanointing in the social rituals of the crested auklet (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aethia cristatella</Emphasis>) and the transfer of arthropod deterrents

Alloanointing, the transfer of chemicals between conspecifics, is known among mammals, but hitherto, the behavior has not been documented for birds. The crested auklet (Aethia cristatella), a colonial seabird of Alaskan and Siberian waters, alloanoints during courtship with fragrant aldehydes that are released from specialized wick-like feathers located in the interscapular region. Crested auklets solicit anointment at the colony, and prospective mates rub bill, breast, head, and neck over wick feathers of their partners. This distributes aldehydes over the head, neck, and face where the birds cannot self-preen. The resulting chemical concentrations are sufficient to deter ectoparasites. Auklets that emit more odorant can transfer more defensive chemicals to mates and are thus more sexually attractive. Behavioral studies showed that crested auklets are attracted to their scent. Wild birds searched for dispensers that emitted their scent and rubbed their bills on the dispensers and engaged in vigorous anointment behaviors. In captive experiments, naïve crested auklets responded more strongly to synthetic auklet scent than controls, and the greatest behavioral response occurred during early courtship. This study extends scientific knowledge regarding functions of alloanointing. Alloanointing had previously been attributed to scent marking and individual recognition in vertebrates. Alloanointing is described here in the context of an adaptive social cue — the transfer of arthropod deterrents between prospective mates.     

Isolates identification and characteristics of microorganisms in biotrickling filter and biofilter system treating H2S and NH3

A combination system of biotrickling filter （BTF） and biofilter （BF）, adopting surfactant-modified clinoptilolite and surfactant- modified wood chip as the media respectively, was applied to treat H2S and NH3 simultaneously. The identification and sole carbon sources utilization patterns of isolates in the combination system were studied by Biolog system. The isolates were identified as Bacillus sphaericus, Geobacillus themoglucosidasius （55℃） and Micrococcus luteus （ATCC 9341） in BTF, and Aspergillus sydowii （Bainier ＆ Sartory） Thom＆ Church in BE Among 95 substrate classes supplied by Biolog system, the carboxylic acids and methyl esters had the highest utilization extent for the four species, followed by the amino acids and peptides. The descending sequence of carbon sources utilization capability of isolates was A. sydowii （52.6%）, M. luteus （39.5%）, B. sphaericus （21.6%）, and G. thermoglucosidasius （17.7%）.     

土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的降解及其对土壤酶活性的影响

邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(PAEs)是一类在环境中广泛存在的有毒有机化合物,本研究探讨了不同浓度梯度的4种PAEs在土壤中的降解,及其对不同土壤酶活性的影响.用GC-MS法测定土壤溶液中PAEs的浓度,结果表明,土壤中的微生物对PAEs的降解起主要作用,对降解数据拟合发现,PAEs降解符合一级动力学方程,并且碳链越短的酯降解效果越好,降解速率越高.在相对高浓度的PAE30环境中,碳链较长的DnOP的降解效率要低于相对低浓度时的降解率,且在40 d后只能降解73%.采用标准方法测定基质酶的活性,在PAEs加入土壤之后,β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性均有变化.磷酸酶的活性先降低后升高,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性缓慢下降,蛋白酶活性先升高后降低,脲酶则呈逐渐升高的趋势.但是随着胁迫时间的延长(20 d后),除了β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性继续降低,其他酶活性都逐渐恢复,并超过了对照组.     

江苏产区大蒜中邻苯二甲酸酯含量检测及溯源分析

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)对生态环境和农产品安全的潜在威胁已引起世界各国的广泛关注.在江苏省邳州市大蒜核心产区采集了11种大蒜样品、 106个表层土壤和4种农膜样品,通过GC-MS法分析了大蒜、土壤和农膜中的16种PAEs含量,并通过水培试验研究了邳州主栽大蒜品种大青稞对6种优先控制类PAEs的吸收和运输特征.结果表明,邳州大蒜蒜瓣中主要PAEs种类为邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP),ω(DBP)和ω(DEHP)平均值分别为0.611 mg·kg^-1和0.167 mg·kg^-1,显著高于市售大蒜品种.蒜头中DBP和DEHP含量大小顺序依次为：蒜头皮>蒜瓣皮>蒜瓣.大蒜土壤中的PAEs种类主要为邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、 DBP和DEHP,检出率均为100%.与美国环保署制定的土壤PAEs控制标准比,DMP和DBP含量超过控制标准,超标率分别达100%和63.2%,其他3种PAEs含量均低于控制标准,但ω(DEHP)平均值达486μg·...     

Pollution characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Hangzhou

Phthalate esters (PAEs), typical pollutants widely used as plasticizers, are ubiquitous in various indoor and outdoor environments. PAEs exist in both gas and particle phases, posing risks to human health. In the present study, we chose four typical kinds of indoor and outdoor environments with the longest average human residence times to assess the human exposure in Hangzhou, including newly decorated residences, ordinary residences, offices and outdoor air. In order to analyze the pollution levels and characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase PAEs in indoor and outdoor environments, air and particulate samples were collected simultaneously. The total PAEs concentrations in the four types of environments were 25,396, 25,466.8, 15,388.8 and 3616.2?ng/m³, respectively. DEHP and DEP were the most abundant, and DMPP was at the lowest level. Distinct variations in the distributions of indoor/outdoor, gas/particle-phase and different molecular weights of PAEs were observed, showing that indoor environments were the main sources of PAEs pollution. While most PAEs tended to exsit in indoor sites and gas-phase, the high-molecular-weight chemicals tended to exist in the particle-phase and were mainly found in PM_2.5. PAEs were more likely adsorbed by small particles, especially for the indoor environments. There existed a good correlation between the particle matter concentrations and the PAEs levels. In addition, neither temperature nor humidity had obvious effects on the distributions of the PAEs concentrations.