Two modelling approaches to water-quality simulation in a flooded iron-ore mine (Saizerais, Lorraine, France): a semi-distributed chemical reactor model and a physically based distributed reactive transport pipe network model

The flooding of abandoned mines in the Lorraine Iron Basin (LIB) over the past 25 years has degraded the quality of the groundwater tapped for drinking water. High concentrations of dissolved sulphate have made the water unsuitable for human consumption. This problematic issue has led to the development of numerical tools to support water-resource management in mining contexts. Here we examine two modelling approaches using different numerical tools that we tested on the Saizerais flooded iron-ore mine (Lorraine, France). A first approach considers the Saizerais Mine as a network of two chemical reactors (NCR). The second approach is based on a physically distributed pipe network model (PNM) built with EPANET 2 software. This approach considers the mine as a network of pipes defined by their geometric and chemical parameters. Each reactor in the NCR model includes a detailed chemical model built to simulate quality evolution in the flooded mine water. However, in order to obtain a robust PNM, we simplified the detailed chemical model into a specific sulphate dissolution-precipitation model that is included as sulphate source/sink in both a NCR model and a pipe network model. Both the NCR model and the PNM, based on different numerical techniques, give good post-calibration agreement between the simulated and measured sulphate concentrations in the drinking-water well and overflow drift. The NCR model incorporating the detailed chemical model is useful when a detailed chemical behaviour at the overflow is needed. The PNM incorporating the simplified sulphate dissolution-precipitation model provides better information of the physics controlling the effect of flow and low flow zones, and the time of solid sulphate removal whereas the NCR model will underestimate clean-up time due to the complete mixing assumption. In conclusion, the detailed NCR model will give a first assessment of chemical processes at overflow, and in a second time, the PNM model will provide more detailed information on flow and chemical behaviour (dissolved sulphate concentrations, remaining mass of solid sulphate) in the network. Nevertheless, both modelling methods require hydrological and chemical parameters (recharge flow rate, outflows, volume of mine voids, mass of solids, kinetic constants of the dissolution-precipitation reactions), which are commonly not available for a mine and therefore call for calibration data.     

Multi-scales Analysis of Driving Forces on Land Use/Cover Change in China: Taking Farmland Returning to Forest or Grassland as a Case

Abstract

Increasing populations are causing an increase in food demands, and the area of cultivated land expands every year. Inappropriate land transition from ecology to production results in the constant decline of the ecological security level and influences the regional sustainable development. Adjusting unreasonable land use mode and reconstructing natural land cover are important ways to maintain and improve the ecological environment. Also reclaiming farmland as areas for forests and grasslands (FRFG) is another way. Successful implementation of FRFG in China is the result of comprehensive effect of the multi-scales driving forces. This paper analyses the driving forces of FRFG in China on a national (country)—regional (province)—local (county)—household (farmer) level scale, and the results are: driving forces at the national scale include ecological and food security and the western development of China; at the regional scale, ecological and economic benefits become the main factors to influence the dimension of FRFG under the same policy. The driving forces can be divided into 6 types: industrial structure adjustment, water source protection, flood prevention, the Three-Gorge Project protection, reduction of the amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and wind erosion desertification prevention. The driving forces at the local scale can be divided into 12 types with developing leading industries, increasing farmers' income and improving agricultural production conditions as the main types; at the household scale, the national policy meeting farmers' demands and the optimization of individual interests are all driving forces.     

Parameters of Ecological Space and Floristic Diversity of Forest Formations in the Northeast of European Russia

The results of studies on transformations of the floristic diversity of forest ecosystems under the effect of human activity in the southern and middle taiga subzones of the Komi Republic are reviewed. It is shown that the change of dominants in the tree layer leads to the formation of specific biotopes and, as a consequence, to changes in floristic complexes and the cenotic roles of species in the lower layers of forest communities. In the study region, the -diversity of forest communities is determined mainly by two environmental factors: soil fertility and acidity. The factor of illumination has only a slight effect on the -diversity of taiga forests, which is especially clear in the group of deciduous forest formations.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 180–185.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Degteva.     

物流分析模型在环境问题研究中的应用

当前经济研究中对环境问题越来越重视，已经有多种不同方法可以用来研究材料和物质流在经济中的运转，物流分析模型（SFA）就是其中一种。本文将SFA应用于一个单一的，假设的污染问题中，这样以实践的方式来评价模型的结果。结果显示，SFA模型能够发现潜在的或预料不到的物质流和排放物，并能发现在将来某一时候会引起经济和环境问题的积累。     

中国季风区降水构成对降水中稳定同位素的影响：以长沙为例

降水构成是指对流或平流降水量在总降水量中所占比例,不同的降水构成对降水稳定同位素的丰度会产生重要的影响。基于长沙地区实测的日降水稳定同位素数据和GNIP月降水同位素数据,对不同时间尺度、不同季节时段以及不同降水强度下降水构成对降水中稳定同位素影响的变化特征进行分析和比较,旨在揭示不同的降水构成对降水中稳定同位素影响的差异,深化对季风区降水形成过程中稳定同位素变化规律的认识。结果表明：云中对流强度的差异造成了不同季节对流降水量占总降水量的比例（convective precipitation fraction,CPF）与总降水量之间相关关系的差异。在日和月时间尺度下,在暖半年,CPF随总降水量的增大而减小,而在冷半年,CPF随总降水量的增大而增大。无论是在暖半年还是在冷半年,日时间尺度下长沙站降水中的δ¹⁸O随CPF增大不断偏正。在月时间尺度下,包括长沙站在内的中国季风区大部,降水中δ¹⁸O与CPF均呈正相关。由于不同季节对流活动的强度不同会造成降水构成的不同,也使得相对于暖半年,冷半年时段降水构成对降水中稳定同位素的影响要强于降水量效应的影响,因此在冷半年长沙地区δ¹¹⁸O—CPF线性回归方程的斜率随降水强度的增大而增大,而在暖半年,δ¹⁸O—CPF斜率随降水强度的增大而减小。     

CB125T手把管的弯管机弯曲模具设计

介绍了CB125T摩托车手把管的弯管机弯曲工艺及模具,并以该件为例介绍了CNC弯管机弯模设计中的几何尺寸计算方法。     

The Information Content of a Scalar Plume – A Plume Tracing Perspective

The ability of many animals and insects to track a plume to its source is a particularly impressive feat when the fluid dynamics is considered. Inspired by this observation this research seeks to identify the information in a passive scalar plume suitable for developing robust and efficient plume tracing algorithms. The subject of this study is a scalar plume emanating from a point source in a turbulent boundary layer which has been modeled in a laboratory facility built specifically for this purpose. A coupled PIV-LIF technique is used to measure the velocity and scalar field in a time resolved fashion. This data set is analyzed and the convergence rates of five single-point statistics, suitable as kernels of plume tracing algorithms, are investigated. The experimental data shows that the scalar fluctuations over long downstream distances from the source are characterized by filamentary structures that lead to relatively slow convergence rates for any statistic that is based on mean concentrations. The scalar intermittency, however, converges rapidly toward its true value, in fact converging to a testable hypothesis for source location direction faster than the time scale of the larger scale plume meander.     

2000~2019年中国PM2.5时空演化特征

本研究利用PM_2.5实测数据、MERRA-2 AOD与PM_2.5再分析数据、气象因子和夜间灯光等数据,基于极限梯度提升、梯度提升、随机森林模型和Stacking模型融合技术提出了PM_2.5浓度组合估算模型.在此基础上,从年、季、月尺度综合分析了2000~2019年中国PM_2.5时空变化特征.结果表明：①组合模型实现了中国2000年以来PM_2.5逐月浓度的可靠估算.②2000~2019年中国PM_2.5年均浓度呈快速增加保持稳定显著下降的趋势,2007年和2014年分别为增加到稳定和稳定到下降的转折点.PM_2.5月均浓度呈先降后升的"U"型趋势,最小值在7月,最大值在12月.③自然地理条件和人类活动奠定了中国PM_2.5浓度年度空间格局变化的基础,气象条件的逐月变化决定了PM_2.5浓度月度空间格局变化的主基调.④2000~2014年中国PM_2.5浓度的标准差椭圆中心向东移动,2014~2018年椭圆中心向西移动.1~3月椭圆中心向西移动,4~9月椭圆中心先北移后南移,9~12月椭圆中心向东移动.     

利用污水管道处理生活污水试验研究

本文针对污水管道系统管径大，距离长，污水在当中输送时间长等特点和环境污染现状，提出充分利用污水管道巨大空间的如下设想；采用前置高负荷生物接触氧化渠和在沿途的污水提升泵站中注入空气的管道生化反应工艺，从而有机污染物质在输送过程中得到部分降解，并且进行了模拟试验和研究。     

FRACTALS AND THE RIVER-LENGTH CATCHMENT-AREA RATIO1

ABSTRACT: The fractal nature of stream-length and catchment-area measurement is investigated using eight rivers in Missouri. The fractal dimension for the length measurement was found to average 1.158 and for area to average 1.0105. These values are close to those hypothesized by Mandeibrot (1983).