生物多样性维护功能评估及其空间尺度效应分析——以陕西省为例

生物多样性维护功能评估是生态系统综合评估的重要内容。基于物种丰富度的海拔梯度格局规律来修正生物多样性维护服务能力指数模型,并探讨该模型在省级、市级和生物多样性优先区三种不同尺度水平的评估响应。结果显示：（1）三种尺度识别的生物多样性极重要区面积和空间分布差异较大,省级尺度评估的极重要区集中于秦巴山地,市级尺度评估时极重要区分布广泛且布局分散,优先区尺度评估时极重要区与自然保护区重叠面积最大。（2）三种尺度评估识别的精准度由大到小依次为：优先区尺度（19.5%）>省级尺度（11.7%）>市级尺度（11.2%）,优先区尺度评估识别的精准度明显高于行政区尺度的评估。（3）优先区尺度评估识别的极重要区面积为28032.3 km²,占陕西省国土面积的13.7%;极重要区内土地利用结构和物种重要性综合评估结果优于行政区尺度的评估结果。     

测定化学需氧量的新型分光光度法

研究了一种测定化学需氧量(COD Mn)的新型分光光度法。试验结果表明,该法简便快速、准确,精密度高,并且通过与国标法测定结果对比后确定该方法可用于自来水、饮用水等多种水体中COD Mn的测定。     

2018年11—12月北京市重污染天气过程数值预报能力评估

2018年11—12月北京市发生了4次以PM_2.5为首要污染物的重污染天气过程，为了分析数值模型对4次重污染过程的预报能力，将CMAQ模式提前1~7 d对北京市PM_2.5的小时预报结果与观测结果对比，分别从离散统计和分类统计2个方面评估CMAQ模式对4次重污染天气过程的预报效果，并简要分析了偏差产生的气象方面原因。结果表明：CMAQ模式提前1~6 d对重污染天气过程的预报显示出良好的性能，为日常业务预报提供了可借鉴的参考信息，可较好地预报出PM_2.5小时浓度变化趋势和浓度水平，离散统计结果显示提前1~4 d的预报结果好于提前5~7 d，相关系数r基本大于0.8，但有一定程度的低估趋势；分类统计结果显示不同预报时效预报准确率大于70%，探测准确率高于55%，部分时段可以达到80%~90%，对人工预报起到了良好的参考作用；输入的气象场的变化及其偏差对于重污染的起始时间、持续时间及清除时间有一定的影响，对相对湿度预报偏小和风速预报偏大是造成CMAQ模式低估的一个重要原因。     

Evolution of unsaturated hydraulic properties of municipal solid waste with landfill depth and age

Successful modeling of liquid and air flow and hence designing of liquid and air addition systems in the landfills are constrained by the lack of key parameters of unsaturated hydraulic properties of municipal solid waste (MSW), which are strongly dependent on the depth of burial and the degree of decomposition. In this study, water retention curves (WRC) of MSW are measured using pressure plate method on samples repacked according to the in situ unit weight measured during borehole sampling, representing the MSW in shallow, middle, and deep layers. The measured WRC of MSW is well-reproduced by the van Genuchten-Mualem model, and is used to predict the unsaturated hydraulic properties of MSW, including water retention characteristics and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. The estimated model parameters are consistent with other studies, suggesting that the pressure plate method yields reproducible results. As the landfill depth and age increase, the overburden pressure, the highly decomposed organic matter and finer pore space increase, hence the capillary pressure increases, causing increases in air-entry values, field capacity and residual water content, and decreases in steepness of WRC and saturated water content. The unsaturated hydraulic properties of MSW undergo changes with landfill depth and age, showing more silt loam-like properties as the landfill age increases.     

对显热比变化规律的理论分析

对矿井风流热交换计算常用的参数之一即显热比的变化规律进行了理论分析。定量分析了显热比与通风时间 (巷道壁面温度 )、巷道壁面的湿度系数、风流的相对湿度等参数之间的关系。通风开始后 ,壁面温度随着暴露时间的增长而降低 ,显热比也随通风时间增长而降低。显热比随巷道壁面湿度系数的增加而下降 ;随着风流相对湿度的增加 ,显热比增加     

MERITS OF STATISTICAL CRITERIA FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELS1

ABSTRACT: The performance of a hydrological model is usually assessed first by visual inspection of the measured and computed hydrographs. Numerous statistical criteria are available for numerical evaluations of model accuracy in each single year, in a particular season of the year, or in a sequence of years or seasons. In the last case, the problem of computing the overall result has to be considered. If too many criteria are used and the criteria are switched frequently, an assessment of a model's performance becomes difficult for a potential user. Therefore, this paper concentrates on just three criteria and their combined evaluation: The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, which compares the model computed discharge with the average measured discharge; the “coefficient of gain from daily means” in which a uniform average discharge is replaced by daily average discharges; and the volumetric difference between the total measured and computed runoff. The three criteria are combined in a three dimensional representation that allows intercomparisons of model performance in a single diagram.     

ESTIMATES OF MEAN CHLOROPHYLL-a CONCENTRATION: PRECISION,ACCURACY, AND SAMPLING DESIGN1

ABSTRACT: Data from 56 north-temperate lakes and reservoirs are used to develop models predicting temporal variance as a function of the mean chlorophyll-a concentration. Trophy, as estimated by mean chlorophyll-a concentration, is shown to have little effect on the sampling effort required to achieve a pre-determined level of precision for lakes sampled year-round. Collecting ten observations results in a coefficient of variation that averaged 20 percent; collecting more than ten observations yields increasingly marginal improvements in precision. The same guidelines apply to mesotrophic or eutrophic lakes sampled in the summer, whereas oligotrophic lakes sampled in the summer require fewer observations to achieve the same level of precision. The bias resulting from collecting too few observations is minimized if five or more observations are collected.     

微重力测量在高度测量中应用对比研究

高差测量试验对比及微重力测量应用实例,对重力测量在高程测量上应用原理与方法及适用范围进行对比研究。研究表明：使用重力仪进行高度测量,操作简单快捷、可达到厘米级的测量精度,观测数据稳定,不需要任何通视条件,具有垂直方向定位准确和全天候测量的优势。     

提高CEMS监测准确率技术浅析

分析了CEMS及相关仪表的测量方法和测量原理,并针对运营维护过程中出现的问题,提出有效的解决方法,提高了CEMS测量准确率,以保证CEMS设备的稳定运行,同时确保监测数据准确上传,为环境保护相关部门提供有效的数据支持。     

基于灰色理论与BP神经网络预测成都市生活垃圾产生量

根据成都市中心城区垃圾产生量的历年数据,先用以时间为单变量的灰色GM(1,1)预测模型得到历年数据的拟合值,再分析垃圾产生量与其影响因素之间的灰色关联度,选出关联度最大的4个因素建立多变量的灰色GM(1,5)预测模型与BP神经网络模型,并对垃圾产生量的预测精确度进行了对比,用预测精度最高的BP神经网络模型对未来年份的垃圾产生量进行了预测,为成都市垃圾处理处置规划提供了理论依据。