FLOOD WARNINGS AND FLOOD RESPONSES FOR THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH1

ABSTRACT The flooding conditions in the basin of the Red River of the North are reviewed in terms of the accuracy of the flood forecasts and the response of both the floodplain occupants and government agencies to these forecasts. The flood prediction methods in Canada and the United States are compared. The accuracy of these prediction measures for the major floods in recent history is reviewed. The differences between the way in which the American and Canadian authorities approach the flood emergencies are outlined. The accuracy of the forecasts are plotted against a number of parameters which reflect the efficiency of the flood fighting measures initiated by those flood forecasts. The significant features of these plots are discussed.     

快速凯氏定氮仪与纳氏试剂光度法测定NH3-N的精密度及总不确定度比较

通过对实际水样中NH3-N的测定结果的精密度及总不确定度检验,比较快速凯氏定氮法和纳氏试剂光度法测试结果,置信概率为95%.双侧DIXON检验、精密度和不确定度检验,结果表明,两方法测定结果之间不存在显著性差异,具有一致性.     

提高测量悬浮物的准确性

通过一系列实验数据的对比，提出影响悬浮物测量准确性的两个因素——空气相对湿度和称量时间控制，从而提出较为可行的测量方法与步骤．     

巷道围岩温度分布及调热圈半径的影响因素分析

分析了巷道壁面水分蒸发情况下通风时间、岩石的热物理性质、巷道几何尺寸、巷道风流与围岩壁面的对流换热系数、壁面湿度系数与风流相对湿度的变化对围岩温度分布及调热圈半径的影响。随着通风时间的延长 ,围岩冷却范围逐渐向围岩内部推移 ,推移速度逐渐降低 ;巷道壁面水分蒸发和风流相对湿度对靠近壁面处围岩温度分布影响很大 ,但对深部围岩温度分布的影响逐渐变小 ,所以对调热圈半径的影响很小 ;岩石导温系数对调热圈半径及其内部的温度分布影响较大。巷道壁面风流与围岩的换热系数和巷道的几何尺寸对巷道围岩的冷却范围影响非常小。     

我国城市O3污染的数值预报试验研究

为在我国开展城市O₃污染预报,新近发展了一个O₃污染数值预报模式系统.它由物理、生态过程模式(包括污染源模型,下垫面参数化模型,中尺度-α气象模式,中尺度-β气象模式,湍流统计量参数化模式和干湿沉积模式)和高分辨O₃化学模式(HROM)组成.用该系统对重庆、广州和济南市的O₃污染作了24 h实际预报试验,结果表明:预报与实测O₃质量浓度之间有相当好的一致性,API指数平均预报准确率超过85%;城市O₃质量浓度表现出明显的日变化、空间分布的非均匀性和地区差异;NO₂是O₃的一个重要前体污染物,它们之间呈好的负相关.      

CSTR水力学模型数值求解方法探讨

CSTR模型是河流水质模拟的常用模型之一,其中水力学模型是影响CSTR模型数值稳定性的关键因素,但迄今为止对CSTR水力学模型数值稳定性鲜有充分的讨论. 以赣江朝阳水厂至八一桥北段为例,采用实测数据,分单箱积分和整体积分2种方式,讨论了Runge-Kutta-Felberg方法(RKF)、经典四阶Runge-Kutta方法(RK4)和二级四阶隐式Runge-Kutta方法(RK2)的数值稳定性、模拟精度和时间效率. 结果表明,与国际上目前常用的单箱积分相比,整体积分具有更好的稳定性. 3种Runge-Kutta方法的稳定性排序是RKF相似文献   

Effect of NOx and RH on the secondary organic aerosol formation from toluene photooxidation

The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation mechanism and physicochemical properties can highly be influenced by relative humidity (RH) and NOx concentration. In this study, we performed a laboratory investigation of the SOA formation from toluene/OH photooxidation system in the presence or absence of NOx in dry and wet conditions. The chemical composition of toluene-derived SOA was measured using Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). It was found that the mass concentration of toluene decreased with increasing RH and NOx concentration. However, the change of SOA chemistry composition (f₄₄, O/C) with increased RH was not consistent in the condition with or without NOx. The light absorption and mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of the toluene-derived SOA only increased with RH in the presence of NOx. In contrast, MAC is invariant with RH in the absence of NOx. HR-ToF-AMS results showed that, in the presence of NOx, the increased nitro-aromatic compounds and N/C ratio concurrently caused the increase of SOA light absorption and O/C in wet conditions, respectively. The relative intensity of CHON and CHO_xN family to the total nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) increased with the increasing RH, and be the major components of NOCs in wet condition. This work revealed a synergy effect of NOx and RH on SOA formation from toluene photooxidation.     

无人直升机主桨毂中央件疲劳试验加载技术研究

首先基于2种不同旋翼构型无人直升机主桨毂中央件的结构形式和承载特点,介绍了现代无人直升机中央件疲劳试验加载技术及调试方法。随后对比分析了中央件疲劳试验中2种不同的离心力加载形式,给试验载荷(包括相位、位移和精度等)、试验频率及试验运行状态等方面带来的影响。最后,针对上述分析结果提出解决办法,为优化试验方案,提高试验加载精度,提升试验效率,保障中央件在地面疲劳试验中合理承载、传载及准确评估其结构疲劳寿命等提供了可靠的试验技术支撑,同时也为今后类似结构的主桨毂中央件地面疲劳试验技术发展提供了极有价值的参考和借鉴。     

Kappa系数在干旱预测模型精度评价中的应用——以关中平原的干旱预测为例

Kappa系数较多地用在评价遥感影像分类精度中。通过对分类影像和参考影像逐个像元统计,并建立误差矩阵,可以较准确地验证遥感影像分类的精度。将Kappa系数引入到关中平原地区加权马尔可夫和自回归移动平均两种干旱预测模型的精度评价中,基于标准降水化指数和条件温度植被指数两种干旱指标,对干旱监测数据和模型预测数据建立误差矩阵,得到了错估误差、漏估误差、总体精度和Kappa系数。综合应用4种评价指标分析模型的预测结果表明,错估误差和漏估误差能够验证预测模型的局部适用性,总体精度在一定范围内不能够直接反映模型的预测精度,Kappa系数可以较精确地评价不同时空间尺度的干旱预测模型精度。当参与预测的样本数目增加到一定程度时,Kappa系数和总体精度基本相等,可以更准确地评价模型预测精度。