杭州市空气细颗粒物浓度与哮喘就诊人次的关系

为研究大气细颗粒物污染对哮喘门诊就诊的短期影响及各人群的易感性差异,收集杭州市某医院2013年1月1日至2015年12月31日哮喘门诊(含急诊)资料,以及同期空气污染数据和气象数据,考虑到污染物浓度与呼吸系统疾病就诊人次及气象因素之间的非线性关系,采用时间序列广义相加模型及分层分析的方法研究空气污染对哮喘影响的滞后效应及人群按性别、年龄分层的易感性差异,对平均温度、平均相对湿度及长期趋势等采用自然立方样条函数进行平滑拟合,同时用哑元变量控制星期几效应和节假日效应的影响.在P=0.01水平下PM_(2.5)、NO_2、SO_2之间均呈显著的正相关性,而气温与3种污染物之间呈显著的负相关性.PM_(2.5)日均浓度每升高10μg·m~(-3),对哮喘就诊人次影响的相对危险度(relative risk,RR)在滞后5d达到最大值,为1.005 6(95%CI:1.002 1~1.009 1),且具有统计学意义(P0.05).在男性人群和18~64岁人群中,细颗粒物浓度对于哮喘就诊人次的影响在滞后3~5 d的RR值均具有统计学意义,在女性人群和≥65岁人群中,在滞后5 d时RR值均具有统计学意义.在多污染物模型中,引入NO_2的影响后PM_(2.5)对哮喘就诊人次的影响在滞后5 d时的RR有所提升.杭州市PM_(2.5)浓度的升高可能会造成3~5 d内哮喘门诊就诊人次的增加,且对男性人群和老年人群影响更为明显.     

上海市霾期间PM2.5、PM10污染与呼吸科、儿呼吸科门诊人数的相关分析

为了探讨上海市霾期间PM2.5、PM10污染与呼吸科、儿呼吸科日均门诊人数的相关性;对上海市6所大中型医院2009-01-01～2009-12-31期间医院呼吸科、儿呼吸科日门诊人数及霾天PM2.5、PM10的浓度数据运用广义相加泊松回归模型进行统计分析,并进行当日和滞后日的危险度评估.结果发现,在霾发生当日,PM10...     

社会转型期做好环境信访工作的对策和建议

通过社会转型期环境信访现状和种类,以及产生的原因分析,探索了解决环境信访问题的对策、思路和方法。     

2017-2019年扬州市大气污染物与儿童呼吸系统门诊量的时间序列分析

收集扬州市2017—2019年大气污染物细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))、二氧化硫(SO_2)、二氧化氮(NO_2)和臭氧(O_3)的日均质量浓度、气象因素(日均温度、相对湿度)以及每日儿童呼吸系统门诊量数据,运用广义相加模型(GAM)进行单污染物和多污染物分析。结果表明,单污染物分析中,大气污染物的质量浓度累积滞后效应均大于单独滞后效应。ρ(PM_(2.5))、ρ(SO_2)和ρ(NO_2)对儿童呼吸系统门诊量影响效应均在累积滞后7 d(lag 07)达到最大值,ρ(O_3)在累积滞后6 d(lag 06)达到最大值。表现为ρ(PM_(2.5))、ρ(SO_2)和ρ(NO_2)在lag 07时,每升高10μg/m~3,儿童呼吸系统门诊量超额危险度分别为0.720%[95%置信区间(95%CI):0.346%～1.095%]、6.955%(95%CI:5.197%～8.743%)和2.133%(95%CI:1.516%～2.754%);ρ(O_3)在lag 06时,每升高10μg/m~3,儿童呼吸系统门诊量超额危险度为1.160%(95%CI:0.873%～1.447%)。多污染物分析中,当引入所有污染物(SO_2+NO_2+O_3)时,PM_(2.5)对儿童呼吸系统门诊量风险影响消失。大气污染物浓度的升高会增加儿童呼吸系统疾病的发生风险,并且其影响存在一定的滞后效应,有必要开展有针对性的大气污染物与儿童呼吸系统疾病的预警研究,保护易感人群,合理分配卫生资源。     

Assessment of human health risk related to metals by the use of biomonitors in the province of Córdoba, Argentina

The evaluation of metal contents in the environment is of vital importance for the assessment of human exposure. Thus the species Usnea amblyoclada, Ramalina celastri and Tillandsia capillaris were tested as bioaccumulators of transition metals in the urban area of Córdoba city, Argentina. The level of metals on biomonitors was compared to that of total deposition samples. All three species discriminated zones within the urban area of Córdoba city with different pollution levels; they revealed high levels of Zn in the downtown area and confirmed high levels of some transition metals in an industrial area. The correlation analysis revealed that the lichen R. celastri had the highest correlation rates with total deposition samples, suggesting it is a valuable biomonitor of atmospheric pollution. A significant relationship was also observed between respiratory diseases in children and the contents of metal accumulated in R. celastri and T. capillaris, indicating their usefulness when assessing human exposure to metals.     

突发疫情冲击下的中国安全文化

非典型肺炎在中国的传播 ,给中国的政治、经济和文化带来了不同程度的影响。笔者重点分析了“非典”疫情对我国安全文化的冲击 ,尽管安全文化在中国得到很快的发展 ,由于没有得到大力普及 ,以致类似“非典”等大型危害公共安全事件到来之时 ,还需要一段时间才能适应 ;首次分析了安全文化和危机管理之间的内在联系 ,安全文化和危机管理相互促进 ,共同发展 ,共同起作用 ;指出在国内应大力普及安全文化的宣传和教育 ,提高全民的安全意识和自我保护意识 ;创造适应新时代发展的新安全文化 ,建设我国安全文化大厦 ,是我国今后安全文化工作的重要任务。     

城市主要大气污染物与呼吸系统疾病相关性浅析

根据监测资料得出，杭州市区大气中瓢法，二氧化硫、氮氧化物等浓度逐年略有上升的趋势。根据相同年份病谱分析，死于呼吸系统疾病的人数也相应增加，即呈正相关，其中，二氧化硫影响较大，提出了防治大气中二氧化硫污染的对策。     

硝化细菌的固定化研究

通过对呼吸速率的测定，比较了3种不同的硝化细菌包埋方法。实验结果表明，海藻酸钠包埋法最佳。考察了海藻酸钠法固定的硝化细菌与游离的硝化细菌在不同温度下硝化速率的大小，发现固定化的硝化细菌比游离的硝化速率高，表明其具有抗低温能力的特点。通过对富营养化水体进行的降解试验表明，所得结果具有一致性。     

Symptoms prevalence among office workers of a sealed versus a non-sealed building: Associations to indoor air quality

ObjectivesAn increasing number of complaints related to time spent in artificially ventilated buildings have been progressively reported and attributed, at least in part, to physical and chemical exposures in the office environment. The objective of this research was to investigate the association between the prevalence of work-related symptoms and the indoor air quality, comparing a sealed office building with a naturally ventilated one, considering, specially, the indoor concentration of TPM, TVOCs and the main individual VOCs.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed to compare the prevalence of sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms among 1736 office workers of a sealed office building and 950 of a non-sealed one, both in Rio de Janeiro's downtown. The prevalence of symptoms was obtained by a SBS standardized questionnaire. The IAQ of the buildings was evaluated through specific methods, to determine the temperature, humidity, particulate matter and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations.ResultsUpper airways and ophthalmic symptoms, tiredness and headache were highly prevalent in both buildings. Some symptoms were more prevalent in the sealed building: “eye dryness” 33.3% and 27.1% (p: 0.01); “runny nose” 37.3% and 31.3% (p: 0.03); “dry throat” 42% and 36% (p: 0.02); and “lethargy” 58.5% and 50.5% (p: 0.03) respectively. However, relative humidity and indoor total particulate matter (TPM) concentration as well as total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) were paradoxically greater in the non-sealed building, in which aromatic compounds had higher concentration, especially benzene. The analysis between measured exposure levels and resulting symptoms showed no association among its prevalence and TPM, TVOCs, benzene or toluene concentration in none of the buildings.ConclusionsOther disregarded factors, like undetected VOCs, mites, molds and endotoxin concentrations, may be associated to the greater prevalence of symptoms in the sealed building.