深海采矿对海洋生态系统影响的评价Ⅰ. 上层生态系统

根据现有试验规模及资料分析了深海采矿对上层海洋生态系统的潜在影响。结果表明：深海采矿对上层环境，如悬浮颗粒物质增加、光衰减、冷的底层水与表层水混合、表层水中营养盐、痕量金属、海水密度等都有一定影响，但是不足以危及上层生态系统。尽管这些结果是令人欣慰的，但由于这些试验的规模和持续的时间是十分有限的，为了更充分地评估深海采矿对海洋生态系统的潜在影响，需要进行进一步的模拟实验和更大规模商业开采的现场监测。     

Trace metals and organochlorines in sediments near a major ocean outfall on a high energy continental margin (Sydney, Australia)

Sewage effluent from a large ocean outfall south of Sydney, southeastern Australia, is efficiently dispersed on this high energy continental margin. An enrichment of Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn is only detectable in the fine fraction (<62.5 microm) of sediment. Ag, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the bulk sample correlate strongly with the mud content of surficial sediment, making an identification of the anthropogenic trace metal source difficult using total sediment analyses. The concentrations of HCB and DDE in the total sediment are also slightly elevated near the outfall. In the vicinity of the outfall, the estimated sewage component in the fine fraction of sediment, using Ag, Cu and Zn in a conservative, two-endmember physical mixing model, is <5% and is <0.25% of the total sediment. A greater anthropogenic Pb component in the fine fraction (mean: 24.8%) of surficial sediment compared to Ag, Cu and Zn may suggest a source other than sewage to Sydney continental margin sediments.     

Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process

The occurrence and the fate of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ni) during the wastewater treatment process were investigated in the wastewater treatment plant (WTP) of the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, operating in the activated sludge mode. For this purpose, wastewater and sludge samples were collected from six different points of the plant, namely, the influent (raw wastewater, RW), the effluent of the primary sedimentation tank (primary sedimentation effluent, PSE), the effluent of the secondary sedimentation tank (secondary sedimentation effluent, SSE), sludge from the primary sedimentation tank (primary sludge, PS), activated sludge from the recirculation stream (activated sludge, AS), and the digested/dewatered sludge (final sludge, FS).

The distribution of metals between the aqueous and the solid phase of wastewater was investigated. Good exponential correlation was found between the metal partition coefficient, logK_p, and the suspended solids concentration. The mass balance of heavy metals in the primary, secondary and the whole treatment process showed good closures for all metal species. The relative distribution of individual heavy metals in the treated effluent and the sludge streams indicated that Mn and Cu are primarily (>70%) accumulated in the sludge, while 47–63% of Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, Ni and Zn remain in the treated effluent.     

生活水污泥油化试验研究

用碳酸钠与污泥混合，在压力４￣５ｋｇｆ／ｃｍ＾２、温度３００￣４５０℃获得燃料油１６％左右，气体各Ｃ１￣Ｃ３烃类占体积的约１９％，臭气物质主要１０种。     

Fate of herbicides and nonylphenol in soil–plant–water systems amended with contaminated sewage sludge

We studied the fate of sludge spiked with ¹⁴C-labelled diuron, glyphosate and nonylphenol applied to the soil by the way of contaminated sewage sludge in the soil-plant-water system. Here we show that the mineralization of the chemicals in mixture is reduced by 40–80% by comparison with a direct soil contamination. The persistence of the chemicals in soils is increased in the presence of sludge. We showed also that the chemicals present in the sludge are mobile and partly transferred to soil leachates and plant seedlings. These results allow postulating that these compounds may induce an ecotoxicological impact on the soil ecosystem.     

自然粒度下渤海沉积物中有机碳的地球化学特征

对渤海三个典型海域6个站位柱状沉积物自然粒度下的有机碳（OC）进行了研究，探讨了有机碳的垂直分布特征及其氧化还原环境（Eh^0,Es^0,Fe^3 /Fe^2 比值）因素对渤海沉积物中有机碳的影响，渤海自然粒度沉积物中的有机碳含量在0.39-0.86%之间，一般在表层-次表层含量变化较剧烈，在下层变化较缓，相关分析说明，在中层，一般沉积物的还原性相比表层有增强，氧化环境与还原环境共存，有机质被氧化，OC浓度变得趋于减小，Fe^3 /Fe^2 也趋于减小，二者有明显的正相关；在下层，还原环境占据了主导地位，导致大量OC不能被氧化，就被保存了下来，而Fe^3 /Fe^2 却明显减小，所以在下层OC-Fe^3 /Fe^2 呈较强的负相关；在表层又掺杂了生物化学与物理扰动等因素，使OC-Fe^3 /Fe^2 的相关性变得复杂，且不规律，表层-次表层OC主要取决于物质来源和物理搅动，变化较复杂；中，下层主要受氧化还原环境影响，矿化作用明显，有机碳含量逐渐降低；下层除C3区和A区外，有机碳含量也逐步降低。有机碳含量不同层次受不同的物质来源，沉积环境，氧化还原进程与不同的生物化学过程共同影响，从C区的断面分布看，表层-次表层呈垂直叠层分布，主要是逐步垂直沉降沉积的结果。25cm以下呈水平推进式梯度分布，可能由于特殊的沉积事件如大洪水冲刷沉积而致。     

Effect of cropping systems on the mobility and uptake of Cd and Zn

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different land use systems such as continuous grass and agricultural crops rotation on the bioavailability of heavy metals in soils contaminated by former excessive sewage sludge application. The results show that Cd and Zn concentrations increased to 2 and 3.5 folds within 3 cuts of grass, respectively. Even 10 years after the end of excessive sewage sludge application the concentration of Cd in winter and summer wheat is 3.4 and 2.5 folds higher than the control, respectively. Zn concentration increased by two folds for both crops. In conclusion, the uptake depends on plant species and the degree of soil contamination. The availability of heavy metals was not changed with time.     

Metal pollution in sediments of Jamaica Bay,New York,USA—An urban estuary

Calculations of the annual input of heavy metals to Jamaica Bay, New York, USA, reveal that sewage effluent carries the largest quantities of Ni, Zn, Cu, and Cd to the bay. Storm sewers and atmospheric fallout are the main sources of Pb. Atmospheric fallout of Zn, Cu, and Cd, although smaller than the combined input from sewers, contributes a significant fraction of these metals. The metal input from landfill leachate is far smaller than that from other sources. Analysis of available data shows that metal concentrations in the sediment of the bay correlate with each other and with percent total organic carbon (%TOC). This is consistent with the observation that the input of metals is predominantly associated with sewage. It is demonstrated that metal-TOC ratios, rather than metal concentrations, must be used in efforts to detect local intensive sources of metals in solution; metal-TOC ratios in intertidal sediment adjacent to these landfills are elevated by the adsorption of leachate metals, while metal concentrations are not. Subtidal sediment within a few hundred meters from two landfills shows no evidence of the addition of metals from that source, which is consistent with the small input of metals estimated for these landfills. The evidence cited in this study sharply contradicts the implication made in a widely publicized report issued by an environmental advocacy group that a significant link exists between metals found in subtidal sediment of Jamaica Bay and landfill leachate.     

西河污灌区环境污染对居民健康影响的调查研究

本文对污灌区居民健康状况及水样致突性的调查,显示污灌区居民消化系统主要疾病(慢性胃炎,急、慢性肠炎)患病率,肝肿大率以及总标化死亡率均显著高于对照区(P<0.01)。污灌区消化系恶性肿瘤标化死亡率高于对照区(P<0.01)。污灌区消化系恶性肿瘤标化死亡率高于对照区(P<0.05);水样紫露草微核率亦高于对照区,并有显著性差异(P<0.01)。污灌区居民由于受饮用水和食物等污染,每年的健康经济损失总计为127.2050万元。     

海水珍珠产业化发展方向与对策

海水珍珠产业的性质具有一定特殊性，决定了海水珍珠产业的技术开发、产业链拓展和组织化等产业化方向。我国海水珍珠产业化水平低，陷入了增产不增收的“高产陷阱”。其基本解决思路和对策是：建立和完善产业发展规划，构建技术创新机制，夯实产业基础，提高产业组织化程度。