沉积物和土壤中磷的生物有效性评估新方法

利用自制的氧化铁/醋酸纤维素复合膜(FeO/CAM)发展了一种沉积物和土壤磷的生物有效性评估的新方法. 结果表明:从沉积物和土壤中解吸的生物有效磷(FeO-P)含量随时间增加而增加,至16～20h左右,解吸过程接近平衡;随着土/水比增大而减小,至20～30g/L左右逐渐趋于平缓,且相对标准偏差较小;膜面积为20～30cm²时FeO-P含量差别较小,且相对标准偏差也较小;适当提高振荡频率(一般200r/min左右),有利于促进FeO-P的提取动力学过程.在用于评估水体沉积物和土壤解吸磷的生物有效性方面,FeO/CAM膜克服了氧化铁浸渍滤纸的缺点,易于商品化,具有更好的应用前景.     

双载体催化剂协同DBD氧化吸附态乙酸乙酯

以13X为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备分别负载Mn、Mo和Fe 的金属氧化物的催化剂,并与载体γ-Al₂O₃混合作为介质阻挡放电（DBD）的填料降解吸附态乙酸乙酯.实验结果表明,Mn/13X的乙酸乙酯氧化降解效果优于Mo/13X和Fe/13X,放电120 min时,其矿化率可达61.5%,CO₂选择性为98.2%,其副产物O₃和N₂O的排放浓度也最低.在Mn/13X中加入γ-Al₂O₃,当两者质量比例为1：1时,由于双载体间的协同作用,吸附态乙酸乙酯的矿化率可进一步提高至64.4%.最后,结合反应器出口气体中和催化剂表面的中间有机副产物,分析了吸附态乙酸乙酯在DBD中的降解机理.     

O2/CO2气氛下醋酸钙再燃脱硝机理分析

在O2/CO2气氛下对醋酸钙再燃脱硝性能进行了试验研究，并建立由112种物质和677步基元反应组成的机理模型，对反应机理进行了探讨。试验结果表明，醋酸钙再燃脱硝效率随温度的升高呈先提高后降低的趋势，高浓度的CO2对脱硝反应有促进作用。醋酸钙分解产生丙酮，丙酮高温热解主要气体产物为CO、CH4、C2 H4、H2、C2 H2和C2 H6，这些碳氢气体能够与OH反应生成碳氢自由基和HCCO，进而与NO反应实现脱硝，高浓度的CO2对碳氢自由基的生成有促进作用。     

基于K_(La)、OUR厨余发酵液对SBR硝化作用的影响

通过与乙酸钠的对比,首先监测了厨余发酵液作为SBR外增碳源,对反应器氨氮去除的影响,然后利用批式实验方法,研究了2种碳源的投加量与活性污泥KLa、OUR的关系。结果显示,厨余发酵液的投加会引起SBR出水氨氮的浓度,小幅度升高到0.9 mg/L,乙酸钠的投加对SBR出水氨氮浓度影响不大;随着厨余发酵液和乙酸钠投加量的不断升高,饱和DO、KLa都会下降,并且,厨余发酵液对混合液氧气传递能力的影响要小于乙酸钠,当投加量为300 mg/L COD当量时,反应器DO仍可维持在6 mg/L,满足硝化作用对DO的要求;厨余组OUR比乙酸钠组小25.1%,其中,AOB耗氧阶段OUR比乙酸钠小52.3%,说明厨余发酵液的投加对硝化菌活性,尤其是AOB的活性有影响。     

Synthesis and use of a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata seed oil with dimethyl carbonate

The preparation of sodium methoxide-treated algae catalysts and their activity in the transesterification of Pongamia pinnata seed oil by dimethyl carbonate were investigated. We also investigated the effect of the sodium methoxide-treated algae catalyst on the biodiesel yield. The development of sodium methoxide-treated algae catalysts can overcome most problems associated with dissolution in dimethyl carbonate. The products were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy to identify the fatty acid methyl esters in the biodiesel produced. The molar ratio of Pongamia pinnata seed oil to dimethyl carbonate in transesterification in the presence of the sodium methoxide-treated algae catalyst was observed to play a substantial role in this study, wherein the Pongamia pinnata seed oil conversion increased with increasing catalyst concentration. The highest percent conversion rate was 97%. With intense research focus and development, an ideal catalyst can indeed be developed for optimal biodiesel production that is both economically feasible and environmentally benign.     

Influence of ground tire rubber on the transient loading response of a peat biofilter

The effect of using ground tire rubber (GTR) as an adsorptive material in the removal of a 2:1:1 weight mixture of n-butyl acetate, toluene and m-xylene by using a peat biofilter under different intermittent conditions was investigated. The performance of two identical size biofilters, one packed with fibrous peat alone and the other with a 3:1 (vol) fibrous peat and GTR mixture, was examined for a period of four months. Partition coefficients of both materials were measured. Values of 53, 118 and 402 L kg(-1) were determined for n-butyl acetate, toluene and m-xylene in peat, respectively; and values of 40, 609 and 3035 L kg(-1) were measured for the same compounds in GTR. Intermittent load feeding of 16 h per day, 5 days per week working at an EBRT of 60 s and an inlet VOC concentration of 0.3 g C m(-1), resulted in removal efficiencies higher than 90% for both biofilters, indicating that the addition of GTR did not adversely affect the behavior of the bioreactor. Full removal of n-butyl acetate was obtained for both biofilters. GTR improved the removal of the aromatics in the first part of the biofilter, facilitating lower penetration of the toluene and m-xylene into the bed. A 31-day starvation period was applied and intermittent operation subsequently restarted. In both biofilters, high removal efficiencies after a re-acclimation period of two days were achieved. A shock loading test related to 1-h peaks of three- and four-fold increases in its baseline concentration (0.30 g C m(-3)) was applied in both biofilters. For the biofilter packed with the peat and GTR mixture, attenuation greater than 60% was observed in the maximum outlet concentration when compared to the biofilter packed with peat alone.     

梯度洗脱离子色谱法测定降水中六种阴离子及离子平衡的讨论

研究了用KOH淋洗液自动发生一离子色谱法测定降水中无机阴离子F-、C1-、SO42-、NO3-和有机酸根甲酸根、乙酸根的梯度淋洗条件,该方法17rain内可将降水中的6个阴离子全部分离,回归曲线线性良好,检出限在O．011～0．057mg／L,相对标准偏差为0．96％～2．4％,加标回收率在94．4％～104％,是一种较理想的测定降水中阴离子的方法。其中甲酸和乙酸的测定作为常规降水检测的一个补充,可通过离子平衡检验来确定降水中是否加测甲酸和乙酸。     

羧基改性阴极对微生物电合成系统产乙酸性能的影响机制

微生物电合成系统(microbial electrosynthesis systems,MESs)可利用微生物将二氧化碳转化为有价化合物,有望实现温室气体的资源化利用,然而,其合成效率仍需进一步提高.本研究通过电化学还原重氮盐反应将特定的官能团—COOH接枝到碳布电极表面,探究改性阴极对于MESs性能的影响.结果发现,经—COOH改性的阴极材料亲水性显著提高,而循环伏安扫描电流变弱. MESs在启动阶段性能差异最大,运行48 h,改性组CA-H、CA-M、CA-L的产氢速率是CK的21. 45、28. 60和22. 75倍;运行120 h,CA-H、CA-M和CA-L的乙酸累积浓度是CK的2. 01、2. 43和1. 44倍. MESs运行324 h后,各阴极的电化学活性无明显差异,生物膜蛋白量无明显差异(～0. 47 mg·cm~(-2)).阴极生物膜的群落结构分析发现,属水平上由Acetobacterium、norank_p_Saccharibacteria和Thioclava占据主导,总相对丰度占到59. 6%到82. 1%;各阴极之间产乙酸功能菌Acetobacterium的相对丰度差别不大(31. 3%～40. 1%),而消耗乙酸的norank_p_Saccharibacteria属在CA-H、CA-M、CA-L和CK的相对丰度分别为:16. 1%、24. 6%、31. 1%和37. 5%.羧基改性阴极对MESs的启动阶段影响较大,可为MESs的快速启动提供新的思路.     

Application of percarbonate and peroxymonocarbonate in decontamination technologies

Sodium percarbonate (SPC) and peroxymonocarbonate (PMC) have been widely used in modified Fenton reactions because of their multiple superior features, such as a wide pH range and environmental friendliness. This broad review is intended to provide the fundamental information, status and progress of SPC and PMC based decontamination technologies according to the peer-reviewed papers in the last two decades. Both SPC and PMC can directly decompose various pollutants. The degradation efficiency will be enhanced and the target contaminants will be expanded after the activation of SPC and PMC. The most commonly used catalysts for SPC activation are iron compounds while cobalt compositions are applied to activate PMC in homogenous and heterogeneous catalytical systems. The generation and participation of hydroxyl, superoxide and/or carbonate radicals are involved in the activated SPC and PMC system. The reductive radicals, such as carbon dioxide and hydroxyethyl radicals, can be generated when formic acid or methanol is added in the Fe(II)/SPC system, which can reduce target contaminants. SPC can also be activated by energy, tetraacetylethylenediamine, ozone and buffered alkaline to generate different reactive radicals for pollutant decomposition. The SPC and activated SPC have been assessed for application in-situ chemical oxidation and sludge dewatering treatment. The challenges and prospects of SPC and PMC based decontamination technologies are also addressed in the last section.     

2-羟基-1,4-萘醌介导Fe2+-STPP厌氧还原对硝基酚

通过投加Fe²⁺、三聚磷酸钠（STPP）、2-羟基-1,4-萘醌（LQ）,研究了厌氧水体环境中三者对对硝基酚（PNP）还原转化的作用规律,探究了不同因素对LQ介导Fe²⁺-STPP还原PNP的影响.结果表明,该实验体系在初始pH值为3~9时对PNP均有一定的还原效果;改变STPP浓度对还原PNP几乎无影响;随着LQ浓度或Fe²⁺浓度的增加,PNP的还原效果增强.机理研究表明,10min内Fe²⁺迅速将电子转移给LQ,58.4%的LQ接受电子后生成非醌类副产物,其余部分LQ接受电子变成半醌自由基中间体再将电子转移给PNP.Fe²⁺提供的电子仅有小部分用于PNP的还原,实验体系总体的电子利用率较低.