反冲洗措施改善垂直潜流人工湿地水力特性的研究

人工湿地污水处理工程中难以解决的问题之一是湿地基质堵塞,本研究尝试用反冲洗措施解决此问题。采用不同反冲洗方案研究了反冲洗措施对人工湿地堵塞程度的改善效果,同时分析了反冲洗措施对垂直潜流人工湿地污染物去除效果的改变和水力特性的影响。结果表明,反冲洗措施对解决垂直潜流人工湿地的堵塞有明显地改善;人工湿地发生淤堵使COD去除率下降,反冲洗后随着实际水力停留时间的延长,COD去除率较反冲洗前有所提高;在几种反冲洗方案中,气水联合反冲洗方案在单位面积流量为8～10 L(/m.2s),反冲洗时间为5~7 min时反冲洗效果最好。     

典型手性农药的光解研究

文章以汞灯为光源,在对映体水平上考察了六种典型手性农药的光化学降解。丙溴磷、马拉硫磷、稻丰散、三唑酮和甲氰菊酯等五种农药含有1个手性中心,存在两个对映体,对各对映体分别进行光解,结果表明光解速率基本一致,且几种手性农药是手性稳定的,未发现对映体转化现象,几种农药中有机磷农药降解较快,而甲氰菊酯降解最慢,半衰期长达280h。氯氰菊酯含有3个手性中心,存在4个可在非手性硅胶柱上得到拆分的异构体,每个异构体又存在两个对映体,因此共8个对映体。进一步对氯氰菊酯的一个反式异构体所含的一个单一对映体进行光解,结果发现存在一定的异构体转化,氯氰菊酯的另外3个异构体均有生成,按氯氰菊酯各异构体总量计算的光解半衰期为66.7h。     

巢湖夏季和冬季有毒微囊藻和无毒微囊藻种群丰度研究

应用荧光定量PCR技术研究了巢湖夏季和冬季有毒微囊藻和无毒微囊藻种群丰度的空间分布,分析了有毒微囊藻和无毒微囊藻种群丰度与环境因子之间的关系,同时应用HPLC方法分析了水体中溶解性微囊藻毒素浓度.结果表明：巢湖有毒微囊藻和无毒微囊藻种群丰度存在季节和空间差异.总的来说,夏季有毒微囊藻和无毒微囊藻种群丰度高于冬季,西湖区...     

鄱阳湖区粮食供给功能的空间格局分析

在种植制度复杂、地块破碎及多阴雨天气的南方地区,应用卫星遥感植被指数时间序列数据提取复种指数受到中低空间分辨率的限制。使用较高空间分辨率影像是提取该区域复种信息有效的数据源。论文以鄱阳湖区为研究区,通过遥感解译提取水田空间信息;在界定单/双季稻生长期物候历的前提下,根据水稻不同生长期内归一化植被指数(NDVI)的明显差异,选择合理时间窗口的TM影像获取水田NDVI数据,采用非监督分类法提取单/双季稻的空间分布信息;结合湖区乡镇不同熟制水稻单产数据估算出基于栅格的水稻产量。研究表明,4月下旬到6月下旬是判别双季早稻与单季稻空间分布的合理时间窗口;7月上旬到8月上旬及9月中旬到10上旬是判别单季稻与双季晚稻空间分布的合理时间窗口。2005年,单季稻播种面积为3 081.58 km²,晚稻/早稻播种面积为3 602.97 km²,水稻复种指数为153.9%。单季稻普遍分布在市县建成区周边,双季稻主要分布在河口三角洲等地。全年水稻总产量约1 650×10⁴ t,单季稻占30.5%,双季稻占69.5%。赣江下游地区两种熟制水稻产量均较高,而湖汊及湖区外围丘陵地区产量较低。     

长期不同施肥对暗棕壤甲烷氧化菌群落特征与功能的影响

不同施肥方式对我国旱地农田土壤甲烷氧化影响的微生物机制尚不明确.本研究利用PCR-DGGE和实时荧光定量PCR技术,结合甲烷氧化速率和土壤性质测定,探索了长期不同施肥条件下暗棕壤的"土壤性质-甲烷氧化菌群落特征-土壤甲烷氧化速率"关系.结果表明,有机肥和无机肥配施处理显著降低了土壤甲烷氧化速率,降幅为61.2%,而单独施用有机肥或无机肥对暗棕壤甲烷氧化速率的影响不显著;与对照相比,有机肥处理土壤甲烷氧化菌多样性指数增加91.9%,有机肥和无机肥配施处理增加102.5%,而单施无机肥后土壤甲烷氧化菌多样性指数变化不明显;有机肥处理土壤的pmoA基因丰度显著增加,平均pmoA基因丰度为不施用有机肥的12.7倍;土壤甲烷氧化速率与甲烷氧化菌的群落结构和比活性呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.363和0.684,但与甲烷氧化菌群落丰度和多样性不相关;甲烷氧化菌的群落结构和比活性与土壤pH值、全氮和有机质含量呈显著正相关.上述结果说明,长期不同施肥可以通过改变暗棕壤的pH值、全氮和有机质含量等土壤性质,改变甲烷氧化菌群落结构和比活性,进而影响土壤甲烷氧化速率;有机肥和无机肥配施土壤甲烷氧化菌多样性和丰度大幅度增加,而甲烷氧化速率却显著降低,说明有机肥和无机肥配施土壤中只有部分微生物发挥了甲烷氧化活性,但有待进一步研究.     

Measuring mining safety with injury statistics: lost workdays as indicators of risk

PROBLEM: Mining in the United States remains one of the most hazardous industries, despite significant reductions in fatal injury rates over the last century. Coal mine fatality rates, for example, have dropped almost a thousand-fold since their peak in 1908. While incidence rates are very important indicators, lost worktime measures offer an alternative metric for evaluating job safety and health performance. The first objective of this study examined the distributions and summary statistics of all injuries reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration from 1983 through 2004. Over the period studied (1983-2004), there were 31,515,368 lost workdays associated with mining injuries, for an equivalent of 5,700 person-years lost annually. The second objective addressed the problem of comparing safety program performance in mines for situations where denominator data were lacking. By examining the consequences of injuries, comparisons can be made between disparate operations without the need for denominators. Total risk in the form of lost workday sums can help to distinguish between lower- and higher-risk operations or time periods. METHOD: Our method was to use a beta distribution to model the losses and to compare underground coal mining to underground metal/nonmetal mining from 2000 to 2004. RESULTS: Our results showed the probability of an injury having 10 or more lost workdays was 0.52 for coal mine cases versus 0.35 for metal/nonmetal mine cases. In addition, a comparison of injuries involving continuous mining machines over 2001-2002 versus 2003-2004 showed that the ratio of average losses in the later period to those in the earlier period was approximately 1.08, suggesting increasing risks for such operations. DISCUSSION: This denominator-free safety measure will help the mining industry more effectively identify higher-risk operations and more realistically evaluate their safety improvement programs. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Attention to a variety of metrics concerning the performance of a job safety and health program will enhance industry's ability to manage these programs and reduce risk.     

基于关联维的事故时间序列分形特征分析

根据我国"十五"期间事故统计数据,构造了一个事故时间序列;基于相空间重构理论,对事故序列进行了相空间重构,应用G-P算法,对事故时间序列的分形特征进行了研究,计算得出事故时间序列的关联维数。研究结果表明:当嵌入维数达到8以后,该事故动力学系统具有稳定的关联维数4.7,说明至少有5个因子在影响着事故时间序列的动态变化,并且该系统的有效自由度为8。本研究对建立事故时间序列的预测模型有较大的参考价值。     

A new photon kinetic-measure based on the kinetics of electron-hole pairs in photodegradation of textile wastewater using the UV-H2O2FS-TiO2 process

Actual textile wastewater and synthesized wastewater containing various textile dyes were photocatalytic degraded by the UVH2O2Fs-TiO2 process in an aimular-flow photocatalytic reactor. In this process, a photon kinetic-measure was adopted to obtain constant rates of dyes decomposition. It was theorized that, by illumination at different UV frequencies, the electrons within the semiconductor were excited from the valence band to the conduction band, yielding the formation of electron-hole pairs which are the pre-requisites for photocatalysis. CPT （critical photonic time） exposure required to cause 90% of vibrations between the double and single bonds along the molecular chain of the dyes to be oxidized, was taken to measure the photocatalytic activities. The CPTs varied with the frequencies of the UV spectral areas. The derivatization of CPT from the first-order kinetic law was presented.     

Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet light

The photodegradation of persistent and bioaccumulative perftuorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in water by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） light was examined to develop an effective technology to deal with PFOA pollution. PFOA degraded very slowly under irradiation of 254 nm UV light. However, 61.7% of initial PFOA was degraded by 185 nm VUV light within 2 h, and defluorination ratio reached 17.1%. Pseudo first-order-kinetics well simulated its degradation and defluorination. Besides, fluoride ion formed in water, 4 shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids （PFCAs）, that is, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, and perfluorobutanoic acid. These were identified as intermediates by LC-MS measurement. These PFCAs consecutively formed and further degraded with irradiation time. According to the mass balance calculation, no other byproducts were formed. It was proposed that PFCAs initially are decarboxylated by 185 nm light, and the radical thus formed reacts with water to form shorter-chain PFCA with one less CF2 unit.     

Response of soil fauna to simulated nitrogen deposition： A nursery experiment in subtropical China

We studied the responses of soil fauna to a simulated nitrogen deposition in nursery experimental plots in Subtropical China. Dissolved NH4NO3 was applied to the soil by spraying twice per month for 16 months, starting January 2003 with treatments of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 gN/(m2·a). Soil fauna was sampled after 6, 9, 13 and 16 months of treatment in three soil depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm). Soil available N increased in correspondence with the increasing N treatment, whereas soil pH decreased. Bacterial and fungal densities were elevated by the N treatment. Soil fauna increased in the lower nitrogen treatments but decreased in the higher N treatments, which might indicate that there was a threshold around 10 gN/(m2·a) for the stimulating effects of N addition. The N effects were dependent on the soil depth and sampling time. The data also suggested that the effects of the different N treatments were related to the level of N saturation, especially the concentration of NO3- in the soil.