Distribution of PBDEs in air particles from an electronic waste recycling site compared with Guangzhou and Hong Kong, South China

Air samples of total suspended particles (TSP, particles less than 30-60 microm), and particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) were collected simultaneously at Guiyu (an electronic waste recycling site), three urban sites in Hong Kong and two urban sites in Guangzhou, South China from 16 August to 17 September 2004. Twenty-two PBDE congeners (BDE-3, -7, -15, -17, -28, -49, -71, -47, -66, -77, -100, -119, -99, -85, -126, -154, -153, -138, -156, -184, -183, -191) in TSP and PM(2.5) were measured. The results showed that the overall average concentrations of TSP and PM(2.5) collected at Guiyu were 124 and 62.1 microg m(-3), respectively. The monthly concentrations of the sum of 22 BDE congeners contained in TSP and PM(2.5) at Guiyu were 21.5 and 16.6 ng m(-3), with 74.5 and 84.3%, contributed by nine congeners (BDE-28, -47, -66, -100, -99, -154, -153, -183 and -191 respectively). This pattern was similar to Tsuen Wan site of Hong Kong. Two urban sites of Guangzhou had the same congener pattern, but were different from Yuen Long and Hok Tsui sites of Hong Kong. The results also showed that the amount of mono to penta brominated congeners, which are more toxic, accounted for 79.4-95.6% of Sigma(22)PBDEs from all sites. All congeners tested in Guiyu were up to 58-691 times higher than the other urban sites and more than 100 times higher than other studies reported elsewhere. The higher concentration in the air was due to heating or opening burning of electronic waste since PBDEs are formed when plastics containing brominated flame retardants are heated.     

Intake of phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate: results of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey based on duplicate diet samples and biomonitoring data

Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental chemicals with potential detrimental health effects. The purpose of our study was to quantify dietary intake of phthalates and of DEHA (Di-ethylhexyl adipate) using duplicate diet samples and to compare these data with the calculated data based on urinary levels of primary and secondary phthalate metabolites. 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects aged 14-60 years collected daily duplicate diet samples over 7 consecutive days. Overall, 11 phthalates were measured in the duplicates by GC/MS and LC/MS methods. Urinary levels of primary and secondary phthalate metabolites are also available. The median (95th percentile) daily intake via food was 2.4 (4.0) microg/kg b.w. (Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP), 0.3 (1.4) microg/kg b.w. (Di-n-butyl phthalate, DnBP), 0.6 (2.1) microg/kg b.w. (Di-isobutyl phthalate, DiBP) and 0.7 (2.2) microg/kg b.w. for DEHA. MEPH (Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) was detectable only in minor concentrations in the samples, thus conversion of DEHP to MEHP and dietary intake of MEHP were negligible. When comparing back-calculated intake data of the DEHP metabolites with dietary DEHP intake from the day before significant correlations were observed for most of the metabolites. No correlation was found for DnBP and only a weak but significant correlation for DiBP. The median and 95th percentile daily dietary intake of all target analytes did not exceed the recommended tolerable daily intake. Our data indicated that food was the predominant intake source of DEHP, whilst other sources considerably contributed to the daily intake of DnBP and DiBP in an adult population.     

水中总碱度测定的不确定度评定

以水中总碱度为例,分析了测试过程中不确定度的来源,对各不确定度分量进行评定及合成,并计算得出合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果表明,对本测试方法影响较大的不确定度分量是标准物质配制、溶液体积引入和标定过程中的随机因素。在样品重复测定的条件下,测定结果的不确定度仅与溶液中的质量浓度有关。     

环境样品保存过程中氮的转化规律

通过对环境样品保存过程中NH3-N、NO2-N、NO3-N及总氮的测定来研究水样中氮转化规律,找出三氯在一定条件下相互转化规律关系,提高环境样品中三个分析项目的分析准确性,正确反应环境样品中的真实情况。对于认识水体中氮的循环,防止水体污染,保护水域环境,充分利用开发水资源有着十分重要的意义。     

Implementing service-based chemical procurement: lessons and results

Chemical use reduction is strongly desirable for environmental and public welfare reasons, and is a critical element of moving towards more sustainable consumption in the business-to-business economy. However, the fundamental economic relationship between chemical supplier and chemical customer creates supply side incentives for increased chemical use. Chemical management services (CMS) is a business model that aligns economic incentives in the chemical supplier–customer relationship towards reduced chemical use by making chemical services rather than chemical volume the basis of supplier compensation. CMS thus ‘servicizes’ the chemical supply chain and is a Product Service System with significant potential environmental benefits. CMS enjoys high penetration in the US auto and semiconductor sectors, and is emergent in other sectors. The paper synthesizes lessons learned from hands-on work with 15 chemical-using firms over 5 years in all aspects of CMS program implementation. Key points are that poor cost accounting and chemical information management form significant barriers to making, understanding and evaluating the CMS business case. The details of contractual compensation mechanisms are critical to achieving in practice the potential environmental benefits of the CMS model.     

论环境监测在总量控制中的技术支持和保障作用

从环境监测工作的方针和职能论述了环境监测在实行污染物排放总量控制中的支持和保障作用；从实行总量控制的技术要求阐明了需要环境监测的支持和保障，并提出了总量控制要建立以环境监测为主体的技术支持和保障体系，以促进总量控制计划目标的实现     

Patterns of serum calcium fractions,magnesium, phosphates and albumin in non‐insulin dependent diabetics (Nidd)

Blood level of calcium fractions (ionized and bound), phosphates, magnesium and albumin were measured in non‐insulin dependent diabetic patients (NIDD). Results were compared with healthy controls to elucidate the pathogenesis of probable changes of these elements. Total ionized calcium and magnesium showed significant decrease (p<0.001, p<0.05 and p<0.05) respectively. Phosphates showed non‐significant decrease while albumin reported nearly similar results. Positive correlation between inorganic phosphates and ionized calcium (r = 0.48, p<0.05) was observed only in healthy control group, not in diabetics. This may be attributed to alteration of ions excretions under diabetic condition through unknown mechanism. Additive increase of heparin sodium units in vitro to normal blood resulted in progressive fall in ionized calcium. Significant decrease was only observed upon addition of higher unit (5IU/ml). This must be taken into consideration biochemically for plasma determination of ionized calcium.     

Screening of textile finishing agents available on the Chinese market: An important source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the environment

Kendrick mass defect was used for PFASs screening in textile finishing agents (TFAs). Total oxidizable precursor assay provides insight into unknown precursors. Perfluorooctane sulfonate was found as impurity in short ECF technology based TFAs. Perfluorooctanoate was also detected in C6 telomerization based TFAs. Long chain precursors were also observed in both types of TFAs. Organofluorinated surfactants are widely employed in textile finishing agents (TFAs) to achieve oil, water, and stain repellency. This has been regarded as an important emission source of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to the environment. China is the biggest manufacturer of clothes, and thus TFA production is also a relevant industrial activity. Nevertheless, to date, no survey has been conducted on PFAS contents in commercially available TFAs. In the present study, TFA products were investigated by the Kendrick mass defect method. The quantification results demonstrated a significant presence of perfluorooctane sulfonate (0.37 mg/L) in TFAs manufactured by electrochemical fluorination technology. The products obtained by short-chain PFAS-based telomerization were dominated by perfluorooctanoic acid (mean concentration: 0.29 mg/L), whose values exceeded the limits stated in the European Chemical Agency guidelines (0.025 mg/L). Moreover, the total oxidizable precursor assay indicated high levels of indirectly quantified precursors with long alkyl chains (C7–C9). Together, these results suggest that there is currently a certain of environmental and health risks in China that originates from the utilization of TFAs, and a better manufacturing processes are required to reduce such risks.     

基于RBF神经网络的鄱阳湖表层水体总悬浮颗粒物浓度遥感反演

为进一步提高湖泊总悬浮颗粒物浓度遥感反演的准确性,引进适应复杂非线性映射的RBF神经网络模型,以鄱阳湖通江湖体为例进行了实证分析,根据实测水体悬浮颗粒物浓度和MODIS遥感数据,对遥感数据进行预处理,建立了RBF神经网络悬浮颗粒物浓度反演模型,神经元个数为8个,误差性能目标值为0.001,对悬浮颗粒物浓度进行反演。研究结果表明,验证样本相关系数R2=0.956 8,均方根误差RMSE=0.54。利用神经网络模型反演水悬浮颗粒物浓度是有效的,其反演结果优于非线性回归模型的结果。     

太湖大气氮、磷干湿沉降特征

于2018年1—12月,采集太湖湖滨及湖面共计9个点位600多个干湿沉降样品,估算了N、P干、湿沉降率以及全太湖2018年N、P干、湿沉降通量。结果表明,2018年太湖TN和TP月湿沉降率均值分别为161. 2和7. 1 kg/(km~2·月),TN和TP月干沉降率均值分别为103. 6和4. 5 kg/(km~2·月)。TN和TP年干沉降率空间分布规律为:湖面之上开阔水域处的TN和TP年干沉降率大于其他湖滨点位,TN和TP总沉降通量为7 702和333 t/a。2018年相比于2002—2003年,TN和TP总沉降通量分别降低了22. 6%和53. 8%。